Nanomaterials: Surface Functionalization …
429
that targets mitochondria, was availed to functionalized UCNP-GQD that resulted
in UCNP-GQD/TRITC. Also, their capability of targeting mitochondria was proved
by line scan analysis. [87] developed self-assembled GQDs and proposed that these
self-assembled GQDs can target themselves into the nucleus in the absence of an
external targeting agent’s help, thereby acting as an agent for nucleus labeling and
displaying strong selectivity.
5 Modification of Nanoceramic Materials
A large number of nanostructured ceramic materials are widely used to obtain
active elements for humidity sensors and different electronic applications. Various
modifications have been performed by the scientists on nanoceramic materials to
improve the optical, ferroelectric, and luminescence properties of the nanoceramics
for different applications. [88] studied optical and luminescence properties of transparent nanosized cerium doped Y3Al5O12 (YAG: Ce) ceramics. YAG: Ce nanoceramics were prepared to employ low temperature and high pressure (LTHP) sintering
method. Nanoceramic samples were sintered in the 2–8 GPa pressure range, while
Ce3þ concentration was varied in the 0.5–5 at % range. In all nanoceramic, samples
studied, in contrast to the single crystal, a strong rise of the absorption coefficient
was found earlier at a wavelength shorter than 400 nm. Additionally, an unusual UV
emission band near 3.1 eV was observed in nanoceramic samples, not detected in
the YAG: Ce single crystal. Significant changes in their optical and luminescence
properties were observed by applying high pressure during nanoceramic sintering.
[89] studied the consequence of doping of lanthanum (La) on piezoelectric and
ferroelectric properties of lead zirconate titanate (PZT). Sol-gel method was used to
prepare Pb1-xLaxZr0.52Ti0.48O3 ceramics having values of x as 0.00, 0.02, 0.04,
0.06 and 0.10. To study the structural functionalization because of mismatch in ionic
size, Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy have been utilized prove.
The presence of both tetragonal and rhombohedral crystal symmetries, has been
proved by Raman spectra. Because of La doping, lattice strain increases and enhances
the remnant coercive field and polarization. The enhancement in La concentration
enhances the linear piezoelectric coefficient. This proves that La-substituted PZT
is a more suitable candidate as a piezoelectric sensor in comparison to PZT [90].
BaTiO 3 are modified with Pr
3+ and K
+ and utilized layered perovskite BaBi 2 Nb 2 O 9
(BBN) in the form of dopant with BT as (1-x) (BaTi 1-x [PrK] x O 3 )-x (BaBi 2 Nb 2 O 9 )
when, x = 0.1 (BTPK- BBN 0.1 ). BTPK-BBN0.1 nanocrystalline ceramic was fabricated with the help of the technique of precursor solution decomposition. XRD and
TEM analysis was used to determine the nanoceramic crystallite particle properties. At temperature as high as 600 deg C, diffusion of grains took place, and the
ceramics displayed grain and grain boundary conductivity. Also, while conducting PE hysteresis study, a strong ferroelectric polarization was seen. Energy efficiency as
high as 65% was detected at 400 V. The Sr0·5Ba0·5Ti1-xFexO 3 nanoceramics were
successfully developed by [91] using the technique of auto combustion of sol-gel.
429
that targets mitochondria, was availed to functionalized UCNP-GQD that resulted
in UCNP-GQD/TRITC. Also, their capability of targeting mitochondria was proved
by line scan analysis. [87] developed self-assembled GQDs and proposed that these
self-assembled GQDs can target themselves into the nucleus in the absence of an
external targeting agent’s help, thereby acting as an agent for nucleus labeling and
displaying strong selectivity.
5 Modification of Nanoceramic Materials
A large number of nanostructured ceramic materials are widely used to obtain
active elements for humidity sensors and different electronic applications. Various
modifications have been performed by the scientists on nanoceramic materials to
improve the optical, ferroelectric, and luminescence properties of the nanoceramics
for different applications. [88] studied optical and luminescence properties of transparent nanosized cerium doped Y3Al5O12 (YAG: Ce) ceramics. YAG: Ce nanoceramics were prepared to employ low temperature and high pressure (LTHP) sintering
method. Nanoceramic samples were sintered in the 2–8 GPa pressure range, while
Ce3þ concentration was varied in the 0.5–5 at % range. In all nanoceramic, samples
studied, in contrast to the single crystal, a strong rise of the absorption coefficient
was found earlier at a wavelength shorter than 400 nm. Additionally, an unusual UV
emission band near 3.1 eV was observed in nanoceramic samples, not detected in
the YAG: Ce single crystal. Significant changes in their optical and luminescence
properties were observed by applying high pressure during nanoceramic sintering.
[89] studied the consequence of doping of lanthanum (La) on piezoelectric and
ferroelectric properties of lead zirconate titanate (PZT). Sol-gel method was used to
prepare Pb1-xLaxZr0.52Ti0.48O3 ceramics having values of x as 0.00, 0.02, 0.04,
0.06 and 0.10. To study the structural functionalization because of mismatch in ionic
size, Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy have been utilized prove.
The presence of both tetragonal and rhombohedral crystal symmetries, has been
proved by Raman spectra. Because of La doping, lattice strain increases and enhances
the remnant coercive field and polarization. The enhancement in La concentration
enhances the linear piezoelectric coefficient. This proves that La-substituted PZT
is a more suitable candidate as a piezoelectric sensor in comparison to PZT [90].
BaTiO 3 are modified with Pr
3+ and K
+ and utilized layered perovskite BaBi 2 Nb 2 O 9
(BBN) in the form of dopant with BT as (1-x) (BaTi 1-x [PrK] x O 3 )-x (BaBi 2 Nb 2 O 9 )
when, x = 0.1 (BTPK- BBN 0.1 ). BTPK-BBN0.1 nanocrystalline ceramic was fabricated with the help of the technique of precursor solution decomposition. XRD and
TEM analysis was used to determine the nanoceramic crystallite particle properties. At temperature as high as 600 deg C, diffusion of grains took place, and the
ceramics displayed grain and grain boundary conductivity. Also, while conducting PE hysteresis study, a strong ferroelectric polarization was seen. Energy efficiency as
high as 65% was detected at 400 V. The Sr0·5Ba0·5Ti1-xFexO 3 nanoceramics were
successfully developed by [91] using the technique of auto combustion of sol-gel.