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A. Kumar et al.
widely preferred method for industrial and commercial applications, mostly
synthesized by precipitation, vapor deposition, or flame processes. At present
induction-coupled plasma, techniques are used for this method (powders). The
induction-coupled plasma method uses high temperature and vacuum-inert environment to synthesize the nanoparticles. It can synthesize consistent powder of
nanoparticles having an average particle diameter 50–100 nm. By nature, silicon
dioxide (SiO 2 ) nanoparticles are hydrophobic, and to make it hydrophilic and
biocompatible, its surface needs to be modified. For this process, nanoparticles surface could be bind with the hydrophilic or water-soluble polymers like
nonionic poly (oxyethylene methacrylate) or ionic poly (styrene sulfonic acid),
etc. via a three-step synthetic approach:
1. Surface activation of the hydroxyl group (–OH) on the SiO 2 nanoparticles.
2. Surface modification by plating chlorine (–Cl) group.
3. Depositing polymers onto the nanoparticle surface using atom transfer radical
polymerization technique [8, 24].
III. Binary compounds notably including elements from Groups 12 to 16 as components of fluorescent semiconductor (SC) nanoparticles; e.g., quantum display
high affinity towards thiols and hydroxyl groups, but also amino used. Figure 6
shows the most commonly used functional groups to coat nanoparticles of
different materials.
3.1 Advantages of Metallic Nanoparticle
a. Enhance Rayleigh scattering
b. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering
c. Strong plasma absorptio
d. Biological system imaging
e. Determine chemical information on the metallic nanoscale substrate [30].
3.2 Disadvantages of Metallic Nanoparticles
a. Particle Instability: Nanomaterials are thermodynamically unstable and can
transform as they lie in the region of high energy local minima. This leads to
deterioration of structure may cause difficult to regain its shape, quality, and poor
corrosion resistance.
b. Impurity: While synthesizing nanoparticles, nitrides, oxides, the formation can
be aggravated from the impure environment. The highly reactive nature of
nanoparticles can lead to high chances of impurity as well. In solution form,
nanoparticles should be synthesized in the form of encapsulation. So, it becomes
a challenge to overcome impurity in nanoparticles.
A. Kumar et al.
widely preferred method for industrial and commercial applications, mostly
synthesized by precipitation, vapor deposition, or flame processes. At present
induction-coupled plasma, techniques are used for this method (powders). The
induction-coupled plasma method uses high temperature and vacuum-inert environment to synthesize the nanoparticles. It can synthesize consistent powder of
nanoparticles having an average particle diameter 50–100 nm. By nature, silicon
dioxide (SiO 2 ) nanoparticles are hydrophobic, and to make it hydrophilic and
biocompatible, its surface needs to be modified. For this process, nanoparticles surface could be bind with the hydrophilic or water-soluble polymers like
nonionic poly (oxyethylene methacrylate) or ionic poly (styrene sulfonic acid),
etc. via a three-step synthetic approach:
1. Surface activation of the hydroxyl group (–OH) on the SiO 2 nanoparticles.
2. Surface modification by plating chlorine (–Cl) group.
3. Depositing polymers onto the nanoparticle surface using atom transfer radical
polymerization technique [8, 24].
III. Binary compounds notably including elements from Groups 12 to 16 as components of fluorescent semiconductor (SC) nanoparticles; e.g., quantum display
high affinity towards thiols and hydroxyl groups, but also amino used. Figure 6
shows the most commonly used functional groups to coat nanoparticles of
different materials.
3.1 Advantages of Metallic Nanoparticle
a. Enhance Rayleigh scattering
b. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering
c. Strong plasma absorptio
d. Biological system imaging
e. Determine chemical information on the metallic nanoscale substrate [30].
3.2 Disadvantages of Metallic Nanoparticles
a. Particle Instability: Nanomaterials are thermodynamically unstable and can
transform as they lie in the region of high energy local minima. This leads to
deterioration of structure may cause difficult to regain its shape, quality, and poor
corrosion resistance.
b. Impurity: While synthesizing nanoparticles, nitrides, oxides, the formation can
be aggravated from the impure environment. The highly reactive nature of
nanoparticles can lead to high chances of impurity as well. In solution form,
nanoparticles should be synthesized in the form of encapsulation. So, it becomes
a challenge to overcome impurity in nanoparticles.