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303. Wu S, Han G, Milliron DJ, Aloni S, Altoe V, Talapin DV, Cohen BE, Schuck PJ (2009)
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304. Wang F, Han Y, Lim CS, Lu Y, Wang J, Xu J, Chen H, Zhang C, Hong M, Liu X (2010)
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305. Chatterjee DK, Rufaihah AJ, Zhang Y (2008) Upconversion fluorescence imaging of cells
and small animals using lanthanide doped nanocrystals. Biomaterials 29(7):937–943. https://
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306. Chen G, Qiu H, Prasad PN, Chen X (2014) Upconversion nanoparticles: design, nanochemistry, and applications in theranostics. Chem Rev 114(10):5161–5214. https://doi.org/10.1021/
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307. Park HS, Nam SH, Kim J, Shin HS, Suh YD, Hong KS (2016) Clear-cut observation of
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308. Qiao R, Liu C, Liu M, Hu H, Liu C, Hou Y, Wu K, Lin Y, Liang J, Gao M (2015) Ultrasensitive in vivo detection of primary gastric tumor and lymphatic metastasis using upconversion
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401
291. Ntziachristos V, Bremer C, Weissleder R (2003) Fluorescence imaging with near-infrared
light: new technological advances that enable in vivo molecular imaging. Eur Radiol
13(1):195–208. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-002-1524-x
292. Kenry Duan Y, Liu B (2018) Recent advances of optical imaging in the second near-infrared
window. Adv Mater 30(47):1802394. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201802394
293. Hong G, Antaris AL, Dai H (2017) Near-infrared fluorophores for biomedical imaging. Nat
Biomed Eng 1(1):0010. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41551-016-0010
294. Chen G, Tian F, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Li C, Wang Q (2014) Tracking of transplanted human
mesenchymal stem cells in living mice using near-infrared Ag2S quantum dots. Adv Func
Mater 24(17):2481–2488. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201303263
295. Li C, Zhang Y, Wang M, Zhang Y, Chen G, Li L, Wu D, Wang Q (2014) In vivo real-time
visualization of tissue blood flow and angiogenesis using Ag2S quantum dots in the NIR-II
window. Biomaterials 35(1):393–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.10.010
296. Abbasi E, Kafshdooz T, Bakhtiary M, Nikzamir N, Nikzamir N, Nikzamir M, Mohammadian
M, Akbarzadeh A (2016) Biomedical and biological applications of quantum dots. Artif Cells,
Nanomed, Biotechnol 44(3):885–891. https://doi.org/10.3109/21691401.2014.998826
297. Bannai H, Lévi S, Schweizer C, Dahan M, Triller A (2006) Imaging the lateral diffusion
of membrane molecules with quantum dots. Nat Protoc 1(6):2628–2634. https://doi.org/10.
1038/nprot.2006.429
298. Wen S, Zhou J, Zheng K, Bednarkiewicz A, Liu X, Jin D (2018) Advances in highly doped
upconversion nanoparticles. Nat Commun 9(1):2415. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-01804813-5
299. Jiang S, Gnanasammandhan MK, Zhang Y (2010) Optical imaging-guided cancer therapy
with fluorescent nanoparticles. J R Soc Interface 7(42):3–18. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.
2009.0243
300. Wang F, Chatterjee DK, Li Z, Zhang Y, Fan X, Wang M (2006) Synthesis of polyethylenimine/NaYF4nanoparticles with upconversion fluorescence. Nanotechnology 17(23):5786–
5791. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/17/23/013
301. Lisiecki R, Ryba-Romanowski W, Speghini A, Bettinelli M (2009) Luminescence spectroscopy of Er3+-doped and Er3+, Yb3+ -codoped LaPO4 single crystals. J Lumin
129(5):521–525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlumin.2008.12.006
302. Guo H, Qiao YM (2009) Preparation, characterization, and strong upconversion of monodisperse Y2O3:Er3+, Yb3+ microspheres. Opt Mater 31(4):583–589. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
optmat.2008.06.011
303. Wu S, Han G, Milliron DJ, Aloni S, Altoe V, Talapin DV, Cohen BE, Schuck PJ (2009)
Non-blinking and photostable upconverted luminescence from single lanthanide-doped
nanocrystals. Proc Natl Acad Sci 106(27):10917. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0904792106
304. Wang F, Han Y, Lim CS, Lu Y, Wang J, Xu J, Chen H, Zhang C, Hong M, Liu X (2010)
Simultaneous phase and size control of upconversion nanocrystals through lanthanide doping.
Nature 463(7284):1061–1065. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08777
305. Chatterjee DK, Rufaihah AJ, Zhang Y (2008) Upconversion fluorescence imaging of cells
and small animals using lanthanide doped nanocrystals. Biomaterials 29(7):937–943. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.10.051
306. Chen G, Qiu H, Prasad PN, Chen X (2014) Upconversion nanoparticles: design, nanochemistry, and applications in theranostics. Chem Rev 114(10):5161–5214. https://doi.org/10.1021/
cr400425h
307. Park HS, Nam SH, Kim J, Shin HS, Suh YD, Hong KS (2016) Clear-cut observation of
clearance of sustainable upconverting nanoparticles from lymphatic system of small living
mice. Sci Rep 6(1):27407. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep27407
308. Qiao R, Liu C, Liu M, Hu H, Liu C, Hou Y, Wu K, Lin Y, Liang J, Gao M (2015) Ultrasensitive in vivo detection of primary gastric tumor and lymphatic metastasis using upconversion
nanoparticles. ACS Nano 9(2):2120–2129. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn507433p