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272. Weissleder R, Pittet MJ (2008) Imaging in the era of molecular oncology. Nature
452(7187):580–589. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06917
273. Weissleder R, Ntziachristos V (2003) Shedding light onto live molecular targets. Nat Med
9(1):123–128. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm0103-123
274. Hillman EMC, Amoozegar CB, Wang T, McCaslin AFH, Bouchard MB, Mansfield J,
Levenson RM (2011) In vivo optical imaging and dynamic contrast methods for biomedical research. Philos Trans R Soc A: Math, Phys Eng Sci 369(1955):4620–4643. https://doi.
org/10.1098/rsta.2011.0264
275. Kosaka N, Ogawa M, Choyke PL, Kobayashi H (2009) Clinical implications of near-infrared
fluorescence imaging in cancer. Future Oncol 5(9):1501–1511. https://doi.org/10.2217/fon.
09.109
276. Reineck P, Gibson BC (2017) Near-infrared fluorescent nanomaterials for bioimaging and
sensing. Adv Opt Mater 5(2):1600446. https://doi.org/10.1002/adom.201600446
277. Hahn MA, Singh AK, Sharma P, Brown SC, Moudgil BM (2011) Nanoparticles as contrast
agents for in-vivo bioimaging: current status and future perspectives. Anal Bioanal Chem
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278. Choi HS, Frangioni JV (2010) Nanoparticles for biomedical imaging: fundamentals of clinical
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279. Frangioni JV (2008) New technologies for human cancer imaging. J Clin Oncol 26(24):4012–
4021. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2007.14.3065
280. Debbage P, Jaschke W (2008) Molecular imaging with nanoparticles: giant roles for dwarf
actors. Histochem Cell Biol 130(5):845–875. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00418-008-0511-y
281. Jaque D, Richard C, Viana B, Soga K, Liu X, García Solé J (2016) Inorganic nanoparticles
for optical bioimaging. Adv Opt Photon 8(1):1–103. https://doi.org/10.1364/AOP.8.000001
282. Quek C-H, Leong KW (2012) Near-infrared fluorescent nanoprobes for in vivo optical
imaging. Nanomater (Basel) 2(2):92–112. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano2020092
283. Ji X, Peng F, Zhong Y, Su Y, He Y (2014) Fluorescent quantum dots: Synthesis, biomedical
optical imaging, and biosafety assessment. Coll Surf, B 124:132–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/
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284. Matea CT, Mocan T, Tabaran F, Pop T, Mosteanu O, Puia C, Iancu C, Mocan L (2017) Quantum
dots in imaging, drug delivery and sensor applications. Int J Nanomed 12:5421–5431. https://
doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S138624
285. Li J, Zhu J-J (2013) Quantum dots for fluorescent biosensing and bio-imaging applications.
Analyst 138(9):2506–2515. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3AN36705C
286. Martynenko IV, Litvin AP, Purcell-Milton F, Baranov AV, Fedorov AV, Gun’ko YK (2017)
Application of semiconductor quantum dots in bioimaging and biosensing. J Mater Chem B
5(33):6701–6727. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7TB01425B
287. Girma WM, Fahmi MZ, Permadi A, Abate MA, Chang J-Y (2017) Synthetic strategies and
biomedical applications of I-III–VI ternary quantum dots. J Mater Chem B 5(31):6193–6216.
https://doi.org/10.1039/C7TB01156C
288. Chen L-N, Wang J, Li W-T, Han H-Y (2012) Aqueous one-pot synthesis of bright and ultrasmall CdTe/CdS near-infrared-emitting quantum dots and their application for tumor targeting
in vivo. Chem Commun 48(41):4971–4973. https://doi.org/10.1039/C2CC31259J
289. Narasimhan AK, Lakshmi BS, Santra TS, Rao MSR, Krishnamurthi G (2017) Oxygenated
graphene quantum dots (GQDs) synthesized using laser ablation for long-term real-time
tracking and imaging. RSC Adv 7(85):53822–53829. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ra10702a
290. Gao D, Zhang P, Sheng Z, Hu D, Gong P, Chen C, Wan Q, Gao G, Cai L (2014) Highly bright
and compact alloyed quantum rods with near infrared emitting: a potential multifunctional
nanoplatform for multimodal imaging in vivo. Adv Func Mater 24(25):3897–3905. https://
doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201304225
N. Ashwin Kumar et al.
high-resolution ultrasound imaging. Lab Chip 16(4):679–687. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5lc01
394a
271. Luke GP, Hannah AS, Emelianov SY (2016) Super-resolution ultrasound imaging in vivo
with transient laser-activated nanodroplets. Nano Lett 16(4):2556–2559. https://doi.org/10.
1021/acs.nanolett.6b00108
272. Weissleder R, Pittet MJ (2008) Imaging in the era of molecular oncology. Nature
452(7187):580–589. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06917
273. Weissleder R, Ntziachristos V (2003) Shedding light onto live molecular targets. Nat Med
9(1):123–128. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm0103-123
274. Hillman EMC, Amoozegar CB, Wang T, McCaslin AFH, Bouchard MB, Mansfield J,
Levenson RM (2011) In vivo optical imaging and dynamic contrast methods for biomedical research. Philos Trans R Soc A: Math, Phys Eng Sci 369(1955):4620–4643. https://doi.
org/10.1098/rsta.2011.0264
275. Kosaka N, Ogawa M, Choyke PL, Kobayashi H (2009) Clinical implications of near-infrared
fluorescence imaging in cancer. Future Oncol 5(9):1501–1511. https://doi.org/10.2217/fon.
09.109
276. Reineck P, Gibson BC (2017) Near-infrared fluorescent nanomaterials for bioimaging and
sensing. Adv Opt Mater 5(2):1600446. https://doi.org/10.1002/adom.201600446
277. Hahn MA, Singh AK, Sharma P, Brown SC, Moudgil BM (2011) Nanoparticles as contrast
agents for in-vivo bioimaging: current status and future perspectives. Anal Bioanal Chem
399(1):3–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-010-4207-5
278. Choi HS, Frangioni JV (2010) Nanoparticles for biomedical imaging: fundamentals of clinical
translation. Mol Imaging 9(6):291–310
279. Frangioni JV (2008) New technologies for human cancer imaging. J Clin Oncol 26(24):4012–
4021. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2007.14.3065
280. Debbage P, Jaschke W (2008) Molecular imaging with nanoparticles: giant roles for dwarf
actors. Histochem Cell Biol 130(5):845–875. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00418-008-0511-y
281. Jaque D, Richard C, Viana B, Soga K, Liu X, García Solé J (2016) Inorganic nanoparticles
for optical bioimaging. Adv Opt Photon 8(1):1–103. https://doi.org/10.1364/AOP.8.000001
282. Quek C-H, Leong KW (2012) Near-infrared fluorescent nanoprobes for in vivo optical
imaging. Nanomater (Basel) 2(2):92–112. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano2020092
283. Ji X, Peng F, Zhong Y, Su Y, He Y (2014) Fluorescent quantum dots: Synthesis, biomedical
optical imaging, and biosafety assessment. Coll Surf, B 124:132–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.colsurfb.2014.08.036
284. Matea CT, Mocan T, Tabaran F, Pop T, Mosteanu O, Puia C, Iancu C, Mocan L (2017) Quantum
dots in imaging, drug delivery and sensor applications. Int J Nanomed 12:5421–5431. https://
doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S138624
285. Li J, Zhu J-J (2013) Quantum dots for fluorescent biosensing and bio-imaging applications.
Analyst 138(9):2506–2515. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3AN36705C
286. Martynenko IV, Litvin AP, Purcell-Milton F, Baranov AV, Fedorov AV, Gun’ko YK (2017)
Application of semiconductor quantum dots in bioimaging and biosensing. J Mater Chem B
5(33):6701–6727. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7TB01425B
287. Girma WM, Fahmi MZ, Permadi A, Abate MA, Chang J-Y (2017) Synthetic strategies and
biomedical applications of I-III–VI ternary quantum dots. J Mater Chem B 5(31):6193–6216.
https://doi.org/10.1039/C7TB01156C
288. Chen L-N, Wang J, Li W-T, Han H-Y (2012) Aqueous one-pot synthesis of bright and ultrasmall CdTe/CdS near-infrared-emitting quantum dots and their application for tumor targeting
in vivo. Chem Commun 48(41):4971–4973. https://doi.org/10.1039/C2CC31259J
289. Narasimhan AK, Lakshmi BS, Santra TS, Rao MSR, Krishnamurthi G (2017) Oxygenated
graphene quantum dots (GQDs) synthesized using laser ablation for long-term real-time
tracking and imaging. RSC Adv 7(85):53822–53829. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ra10702a
290. Gao D, Zhang P, Sheng Z, Hu D, Gong P, Chen C, Wan Q, Gao G, Cai L (2014) Highly bright
and compact alloyed quantum rods with near infrared emitting: a potential multifunctional
nanoplatform for multimodal imaging in vivo. Adv Func Mater 24(25):3897–3905. https://
doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201304225