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https://doi.org/10.1021/ja068356j
176. Blumfield E, Swenson DW, Iyer RS, Stanescu AL (2019) Gadolinium-based contrast agents—
review of recent literature on magnetic resonance imaging signal intensity changes and tissue
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177. Pellico J, Ellis CM, Davis JJ (2019) Nanoparticle-based paramagnetic contrast agents for
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178. Cao Y, Xu L, Kuang Y, Xiong D, Pei R (2017) Gadolinium-based nanoscale MRI contrast
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382j
179. Miao X, Ho SL, Tegafaw T, Cha H, Chang Y, Oh IT, Yaseen AM, Marasini S, Ghazanfari A, Yue
H, Chae KS, Lee GH (2018) Stable and non-toxic ultrasmall gadolinium oxide nanoparticle
colloids (coating material = polyacrylic acid) as high-performance T1 magnetic resonance
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180. Mekuria SL, Debele TA, Tsai HC (2017) Encapsulation of gadolinium oxide nanoparticle
(Gd2O3) contrasting agents in PAMAM dendrimer templates for enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in vivo. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 9(8):6782–6795. https://doi.org/10.1021/
acsami.6b14075
181. Rivlin M, Navon G (2016) Glucosamine and N-acetyl glucosamine as new CEST MRI agents
for molecular imaging of tumors. Sci Rep 6:32648. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep32648
182. Mortezazadeh T, Gholibegloo E, Riyahi Alam N, Haghgoo S, Musa A, E., Khoobi M (2020)
Glucosamine conjugated gadolinium (III) oxide nanoparticles as a novel targeted contrast
agent for cancer diagnosis in MRI. J Biomed Phys Eng 10(1):25–38. http://doi.org/10.31661/
jbpe.v0i0.1018
183. Mortezazadeh T, Gholibegloo E, Alam NR, Dehghani S, Haghgoo S, Ghanaati H, Khoobi M
(2019) Gadolinium (III) oxide nanoparticles coated with folic acid-functionalized poly(betacyclodextrin-co-pentetic acid) as a biocompatible targeted nano-contrast agent for cancer
diagnostic: in vitro and in vivo studies. MAGMA 32(4):487–500. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10
334-019-00738-2
184. Wang Y, Yang T, Ke H, Zhu A, Wang Y, Wang J, Shen J, Liu G, Chen C, Zhao Y, Chen H (2015)
Smart albumin-biomineralized nanocomposites for multimodal imaging and photothermal
tumor ablation. Adv Mater 27(26):3874–3882. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201500229
185. Huang S, Liu J, Liu D, Yuan Q (2012) Facile and large-scale synthesis of Gd(OH)3 nanorods
for MR imaging with low toxicity. New J Chem 36(6):1335. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2nj21
009f
186. Yang Y, Sun Y, Liu Y, Peng J, Wu Y, Zhang Y, Feng W, Li F (2013) Long-term in vivo
biodistribution and toxicity of Gd(OH)3 nanorods. Biomaterials 34(2):508–515. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.09.075
187. Rajaee A, Wang S, Zhao L, Wang D, Liu Y, Wang J, Ying K (2019) Multifunction bismuth
gadolinium oxide nanoparticles as radiosensitizer in radiation therapy and imaging. Phys Med
Biol 64(19):195007. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/ab2154
188. Li IF, Su C-H, Sheu H-S, Chiu H-C, Lo Y-W, Lin W-T, Chen J-H, Yeh C-S (2008) Gd2O(CO3)2
H2O particles and the corresponding Gd2O3: synthesis and applications of magnetic resonance contrast agents and template particles for hollow spheres and hybrid composites. Adv
Func Mater 18(5):766–776. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.200700702
189. Hu K-W, Jhang F-Y, Su C-H, Yeh C-S (2009) Fabrication of Gd2O(CO3)2 H2O/silica/gold
hybrid particles as a bifunctional agent for MR imaging and photothermal destruction of
cancer cells. J Mater Chem 19(15):2147. https://doi.org/10.1039/b815087g
N. Ashwin Kumar et al.
agent: account for large longitudinal relaxivity, optimal particle diameter, and in vivo T1 MR
images. ACS Nano 3(11):3663–3669. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn900761s
175. Bridot JL, Faure AC, Laurent S, Riviere C, Billotey C, Hiba B, Janier M, Josserand V, Coll JL,
Elst LV, Muller R, Roux S, Perriat P, Tillement O (2007) Hybrid gadolinium oxide nanoparticles: multimodal contrast agents for in vivo imaging. J Am Chem Soc 129(16):5076–5084.
https://doi.org/10.1021/ja068356j
176. Blumfield E, Swenson DW, Iyer RS, Stanescu AL (2019) Gadolinium-based contrast agents—
review of recent literature on magnetic resonance imaging signal intensity changes and tissue
deposits, with emphasis on pediatric patients. Pediatr Radiol 49(4):448–457. https://doi.org/
10.1007/s00247-018-4304-8
177. Pellico J, Ellis CM, Davis JJ (2019) Nanoparticle-based paramagnetic contrast agents for
magnetic resonance imaging. Contrast Media Mol Imaging 2019:1845637. https://doi.org/
10.1155/2019/1845637
178. Cao Y, Xu L, Kuang Y, Xiong D, Pei R (2017) Gadolinium-based nanoscale MRI contrast
agents for tumor imaging. J Mater Chem B 5(19):3431–3461. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7tb00
382j
179. Miao X, Ho SL, Tegafaw T, Cha H, Chang Y, Oh IT, Yaseen AM, Marasini S, Ghazanfari A, Yue
H, Chae KS, Lee GH (2018) Stable and non-toxic ultrasmall gadolinium oxide nanoparticle
colloids (coating material = polyacrylic acid) as high-performance T1 magnetic resonance
imaging contrast agents. RSC Adv 8(6):3189–3197. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ra11830a
180. Mekuria SL, Debele TA, Tsai HC (2017) Encapsulation of gadolinium oxide nanoparticle
(Gd2O3) contrasting agents in PAMAM dendrimer templates for enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in vivo. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 9(8):6782–6795. https://doi.org/10.1021/
acsami.6b14075
181. Rivlin M, Navon G (2016) Glucosamine and N-acetyl glucosamine as new CEST MRI agents
for molecular imaging of tumors. Sci Rep 6:32648. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep32648
182. Mortezazadeh T, Gholibegloo E, Riyahi Alam N, Haghgoo S, Musa A, E., Khoobi M (2020)
Glucosamine conjugated gadolinium (III) oxide nanoparticles as a novel targeted contrast
agent for cancer diagnosis in MRI. J Biomed Phys Eng 10(1):25–38. http://doi.org/10.31661/
jbpe.v0i0.1018
183. Mortezazadeh T, Gholibegloo E, Alam NR, Dehghani S, Haghgoo S, Ghanaati H, Khoobi M
(2019) Gadolinium (III) oxide nanoparticles coated with folic acid-functionalized poly(betacyclodextrin-co-pentetic acid) as a biocompatible targeted nano-contrast agent for cancer
diagnostic: in vitro and in vivo studies. MAGMA 32(4):487–500. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10
334-019-00738-2
184. Wang Y, Yang T, Ke H, Zhu A, Wang Y, Wang J, Shen J, Liu G, Chen C, Zhao Y, Chen H (2015)
Smart albumin-biomineralized nanocomposites for multimodal imaging and photothermal
tumor ablation. Adv Mater 27(26):3874–3882. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201500229
185. Huang S, Liu J, Liu D, Yuan Q (2012) Facile and large-scale synthesis of Gd(OH)3 nanorods
for MR imaging with low toxicity. New J Chem 36(6):1335. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2nj21
009f
186. Yang Y, Sun Y, Liu Y, Peng J, Wu Y, Zhang Y, Feng W, Li F (2013) Long-term in vivo
biodistribution and toxicity of Gd(OH)3 nanorods. Biomaterials 34(2):508–515. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.09.075
187. Rajaee A, Wang S, Zhao L, Wang D, Liu Y, Wang J, Ying K (2019) Multifunction bismuth
gadolinium oxide nanoparticles as radiosensitizer in radiation therapy and imaging. Phys Med
Biol 64(19):195007. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/ab2154
188. Li IF, Su C-H, Sheu H-S, Chiu H-C, Lo Y-W, Lin W-T, Chen J-H, Yeh C-S (2008) Gd2O(CO3)2
H2O particles and the corresponding Gd2O3: synthesis and applications of magnetic resonance contrast agents and template particles for hollow spheres and hybrid composites. Adv
Func Mater 18(5):766–776. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.200700702
189. Hu K-W, Jhang F-Y, Su C-H, Yeh C-S (2009) Fabrication of Gd2O(CO3)2 H2O/silica/gold
hybrid particles as a bifunctional agent for MR imaging and photothermal destruction of
cancer cells. J Mater Chem 19(15):2147. https://doi.org/10.1039/b815087g