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143. Na HB, Song IC, Hyeon T (2009) Inorganic nanoparticles for MRI contrast agents. Adv Mater
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144. Constantinides C (2016) Magnetic resonance imaging: the basics. CRC Press
145. Driehuys B, Nouls J, Badea A, Bucholz E, Ghaghada K, Petiet A, Hedlund LW (2008) Small
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148. Wahsner J, Gale EM, Rodriguez-Rodriguez A, Caravan P (2019) Chemistry of MRI contrast
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1021/acs.chemrev.8b00363
149. Geraldes CF, Laurent S (2009) Classification and basic properties of contrast agents for
magnetic resonance imaging. Contrast Media Mol Imaging 4(1):1–23. https://doi.org/10.
1002/cmmi.265
150. De Leon-Rodriguez LM, Martins AF, Pinho MC, Rofsky NM, Sherry AD (2015) Basic
MR relaxation mechanisms and contrast agent design. J Magnetic Reson Imaging: JMRI
42(3):545–565. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmri.24787
151. Young IR, Clarke GJ, Baffles DR, Pennock JM, Doyle FH, Bydder GM (1981) Enhancement
of relaxation rate with paramagnetic contrast agents in NMR imaging. J Comput Tomogr
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152. Carr DH, Brown J, Bydder GM, Weinmann HJ, Speck U, Thomas DJ, Young IR (1984)
Intravenous chelated gadolinium as a contrast agent in NMR imaging of cerebral tumours.
The Lancet 323(8375):484–486. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(84)92852-6
153. Xiao YD, Paudel R, Liu J, Ma C, Zhang ZS, Zhou SK (2016) MRI contrast agents: classification and application (Review). Int J Mol Med 38(5):1319–1326. https://doi.org/10.3892/
ijmm.2016.2744
154. Sherry AD, Caravan P, Lenkinski RE (2009) Primer on gadolinium chemistry. J Magn Resonan
Imaging: JMRI 30(6):1240–1248. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmri.21966
155. Marasini R, Thanh Nguyen TD, Aryal S (2020) Integration of gadolinium in nanostructure for contrast enhanced-magnetic resonance imaging. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed
Nanobiotechnol 12(1):e1580. https://doi.org/10.1002/wnan.1580
156. Fraum TJ, Ludwig DR, Bashir MR, Fowler KJ (2017) Gadolinium-based contrast agents: a
comprehensive risk assessment. J Magnetic Reson Imaging: JMRI 46(2):338–353. https://
doi.org/10.1002/jmri.25625
157. Kahakachchi CL, Moore DA (2009) Speciation of gadolinium in gadolinium-based magnetic
resonance imaging agents by high performance liquid chromatography inductively coupled
plasma optical emission spectrometry. J Anal At Spectrom 24(10):1389. https://doi.org/10.
1039/b907044c
N. Ashwin Kumar et al.
139. Liu JN, Bu W, Pan LM, Zhang S, Chen F, Zhou L, Zhao KL, Peng W, Shi J (2012) Simultaneous nuclear imaging and intranuclear drug delivery by nuclear-targeted multifunctional
upconversion nanoprobes. Biomaterials 33(29):7282–7290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomat
erials.2012.06.035
140. Xia A, Chen M, Gao Y, Wu D, Feng W, Li F (2012) Gd3+ complex-modified NaLuF4based upconversion nanophosphors for trimodality imaging of NIR-to-NIR upconversion luminescence, X-Ray computed tomography and magnetic resonance. Biomaterials
33(21):5394–5405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.04.025
141. McCollough CH, Leng S, Yu L, Fletcher JG (2015) Dual- and multi-energy CT: principles,
technical approaches, and clinical applications. Radiology 276(3):637–653. https://doi.org/
10.1148/radiol.2015142631
142. French J, Gingles N, Stewart J, Woodhouse N (2010) Use of magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI) and micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) in the morphological examination of rat
and rabbit fetuses from embryo-fetal development studies. Reprod Toxicol 30(2):292–300.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2010.04.016
143. Na HB, Song IC, Hyeon T (2009) Inorganic nanoparticles for MRI contrast agents. Adv Mater
21(21):2133–2148. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200802366
144. Constantinides C (2016) Magnetic resonance imaging: the basics. CRC Press
145. Driehuys B, Nouls J, Badea A, Bucholz E, Ghaghada K, Petiet A, Hedlund LW (2008) Small
animal imaging with magnetic resonance microscopy. ILAR J 49(1):35–53. https://doi.org/
10.1093/ilar.49.1.35
146. Turnbull DH, Mori S (2007) MRI in mouse developmental biology. NMR Biomed 20(3):265–
274. https://doi.org/10.1002/nbm.1146
147. Schaeffter T, Dahnke H (2008) Magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy. Handb Exp
Pharmacol (185 Pt 1):75–90. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-72718-7_4
148. Wahsner J, Gale EM, Rodriguez-Rodriguez A, Caravan P (2019) Chemistry of MRI contrast
agents: current challenges and new frontiers. Chem Rev 119(2):957–1057. https://doi.org/10.
1021/acs.chemrev.8b00363
149. Geraldes CF, Laurent S (2009) Classification and basic properties of contrast agents for
magnetic resonance imaging. Contrast Media Mol Imaging 4(1):1–23. https://doi.org/10.
1002/cmmi.265
150. De Leon-Rodriguez LM, Martins AF, Pinho MC, Rofsky NM, Sherry AD (2015) Basic
MR relaxation mechanisms and contrast agent design. J Magnetic Reson Imaging: JMRI
42(3):545–565. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmri.24787
151. Young IR, Clarke GJ, Baffles DR, Pennock JM, Doyle FH, Bydder GM (1981) Enhancement
of relaxation rate with paramagnetic contrast agents in NMR imaging. J Comput Tomogr
5(6):543–547. https://doi.org/10.1016/0149-936x(81)90089-8
152. Carr DH, Brown J, Bydder GM, Weinmann HJ, Speck U, Thomas DJ, Young IR (1984)
Intravenous chelated gadolinium as a contrast agent in NMR imaging of cerebral tumours.
The Lancet 323(8375):484–486. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(84)92852-6
153. Xiao YD, Paudel R, Liu J, Ma C, Zhang ZS, Zhou SK (2016) MRI contrast agents: classification and application (Review). Int J Mol Med 38(5):1319–1326. https://doi.org/10.3892/
ijmm.2016.2744
154. Sherry AD, Caravan P, Lenkinski RE (2009) Primer on gadolinium chemistry. J Magn Resonan
Imaging: JMRI 30(6):1240–1248. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmri.21966
155. Marasini R, Thanh Nguyen TD, Aryal S (2020) Integration of gadolinium in nanostructure for contrast enhanced-magnetic resonance imaging. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed
Nanobiotechnol 12(1):e1580. https://doi.org/10.1002/wnan.1580
156. Fraum TJ, Ludwig DR, Bashir MR, Fowler KJ (2017) Gadolinium-based contrast agents: a
comprehensive risk assessment. J Magnetic Reson Imaging: JMRI 46(2):338–353. https://
doi.org/10.1002/jmri.25625
157. Kahakachchi CL, Moore DA (2009) Speciation of gadolinium in gadolinium-based magnetic
resonance imaging agents by high performance liquid chromatography inductively coupled
plasma optical emission spectrometry. J Anal At Spectrom 24(10):1389. https://doi.org/10.
1039/b907044c