354
N. Ashwin Kumar et al.
imaging as shown in Fig. 11 [104]. Bismuth nanoparticles coated with trastuzumab
linked via polyvinylpyrrolidone and chemically encapsulated on a single layer mesoporous silica [101, 105]. Bismuth acts as a radiosensitizer, conjugation of antibodies,
and drugs for enhanced therapy of cancer. Accumulation of these bismuth nanorods
is 16 times higher than the non-targeted particles. Bismuth nanoparticles were conjugated with RBC cells and targeted with folate receptors for simultaneous imaging
and radiotherapy treatment of breast cancer [106]. Danafar and his coworkers developed BSA-bismuth sulphide radiosensitizer material that was loaded with curcumin
anticancer agent and surface functionalized with folic acid to the target tumor region.
Drug loaded Bi 2 S 3 NPs were injected intravenously at 100 μg ml
−1 concentrations
in aid with X-rays radiation 2, and 6 Gy showed higher toxicity compared to unexposed particles. Also, the survival rate of all the mice exposed with nanomaterials,
drugs along with X-ray radiation was 60 days. Similarly, the same group conjugated
biotin and methotrexate on the surface of nanomaterials via carbodiimide chemistry.
Biocompatible studies with blood and HEK-293 revealed that possess high viability
[107, 108].
Multi-modal imaging offers structural and molecular information of the disease
diagnosis, early detection, assessing tumor growth, real-time guidance, and therapeutic effects. Hybrid nanoparticles which aid in multi-modal imaging is another
critical factor for early cancer diagnosis. Zhou et al. folate targeted perfluoro hexane
loaded with Bi 2 S 3 NPs as a dual-modal imaging contrast agent using ultrasound and
CT, respectively. This targeted theranostic contrast agents would allow non-invasive
high intensity focused ultrasound ablates cervical cancer at high efficacy [109]. Similarly, Yu and coworkers developed a peptide labeled ultrasmall semimetal bismuth as
a multifunctional nanomaterial that serves in CT/Photoacoustic imaging in combination with thermoradiotherapy. Accumulation of the targeted bismuth nanomaterials
injected in the tumor region is 1.7-fold (1193.5 HU at 6 mg mL
−1 ) higher compared
to pegylated particles. Bismuth (concentration of 3 mg mL
−1 ) has strong absorption
in the NIR II region (1064 nm) along with radiotherapy (4 Gy) showed a synergetic
reduction in the tumor volume. These were further evaluated using hematoxylin
and eosin (H&E) stained images, which revealed the reduction in angiogenesis was
observed [102]. Targeted nanoparticles were cleared over 30 days via fecal and renal
clearance with no toxicity for the animal. Bismuth sulphide nanorods were designed
for optical coherence tomography, and CT guided therapy via photothermal properties of nanorods. The change in temperature varies linearly with an increase in
concentration compared to control water, and they are compatible up to 300 μg/mL
[101].
6.6 Tantalum Based CT Contrast
Tantalum (Ta), another promising material, has potential applications as a CT contrast
agent. Conventionally Ta was used in biomedical implants along with a coating
agent because of its biocompatibility, radio-opacity, and chemical inertness. For
N. Ashwin Kumar et al.
imaging as shown in Fig. 11 [104]. Bismuth nanoparticles coated with trastuzumab
linked via polyvinylpyrrolidone and chemically encapsulated on a single layer mesoporous silica [101, 105]. Bismuth acts as a radiosensitizer, conjugation of antibodies,
and drugs for enhanced therapy of cancer. Accumulation of these bismuth nanorods
is 16 times higher than the non-targeted particles. Bismuth nanoparticles were conjugated with RBC cells and targeted with folate receptors for simultaneous imaging
and radiotherapy treatment of breast cancer [106]. Danafar and his coworkers developed BSA-bismuth sulphide radiosensitizer material that was loaded with curcumin
anticancer agent and surface functionalized with folic acid to the target tumor region.
Drug loaded Bi 2 S 3 NPs were injected intravenously at 100 μg ml
−1 concentrations
in aid with X-rays radiation 2, and 6 Gy showed higher toxicity compared to unexposed particles. Also, the survival rate of all the mice exposed with nanomaterials,
drugs along with X-ray radiation was 60 days. Similarly, the same group conjugated
biotin and methotrexate on the surface of nanomaterials via carbodiimide chemistry.
Biocompatible studies with blood and HEK-293 revealed that possess high viability
[107, 108].
Multi-modal imaging offers structural and molecular information of the disease
diagnosis, early detection, assessing tumor growth, real-time guidance, and therapeutic effects. Hybrid nanoparticles which aid in multi-modal imaging is another
critical factor for early cancer diagnosis. Zhou et al. folate targeted perfluoro hexane
loaded with Bi 2 S 3 NPs as a dual-modal imaging contrast agent using ultrasound and
CT, respectively. This targeted theranostic contrast agents would allow non-invasive
high intensity focused ultrasound ablates cervical cancer at high efficacy [109]. Similarly, Yu and coworkers developed a peptide labeled ultrasmall semimetal bismuth as
a multifunctional nanomaterial that serves in CT/Photoacoustic imaging in combination with thermoradiotherapy. Accumulation of the targeted bismuth nanomaterials
injected in the tumor region is 1.7-fold (1193.5 HU at 6 mg mL
−1 ) higher compared
to pegylated particles. Bismuth (concentration of 3 mg mL
−1 ) has strong absorption
in the NIR II region (1064 nm) along with radiotherapy (4 Gy) showed a synergetic
reduction in the tumor volume. These were further evaluated using hematoxylin
and eosin (H&E) stained images, which revealed the reduction in angiogenesis was
observed [102]. Targeted nanoparticles were cleared over 30 days via fecal and renal
clearance with no toxicity for the animal. Bismuth sulphide nanorods were designed
for optical coherence tomography, and CT guided therapy via photothermal properties of nanorods. The change in temperature varies linearly with an increase in
concentration compared to control water, and they are compatible up to 300 μg/mL
[101].
6.6 Tantalum Based CT Contrast
Tantalum (Ta), another promising material, has potential applications as a CT contrast
agent. Conventionally Ta was used in biomedical implants along with a coating
agent because of its biocompatibility, radio-opacity, and chemical inertness. For