Nanoceramics: Synthesis, Characterizations and Applications
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hence offered better protection of anodized titanium against corrosion [51]. Cobalt
substituted calcium phosphate coatings were developed on Ti-22Nb-6Zr alloy by
electrodeposition method. The coating was observed to be made up of a low crystalline apatite phase and it protected the alloy against the corrosive Hank’s solution
[52]. Pure hydroxyapatite and HAp-ZrO 2 -TiO 2 nanocomposite coatings were developed by merging two different electroplating methods. The coatings exhibited bioactive behavior and also had improved corrosion resistance as observed from decreased
corrosion current density (I corr ) values [53].
3 Nanoceramics Characterization
Nanoceramics are key components finding application in different fields ranging from
energy generation to applications in the biomedical field. New advanced technologies are developed continuously with the help of nanoceramics. Characterization of
nanoceramics is essential as it helps us to understand and control the synthesis as well
as discover possible applications. Nanoceramics can be characterized based on the
conventional characterization methods and surface analysis techniques used for bulk
materials and specialized techniques are being developed to study them in nanoscale
too. In this section, let us briefly study the various characterization techniques, its
significance, and outcome.
3.1 X-Ray Diffraction Analysis (XRD)
X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) is an important, accurate, and non-destructive
experimental technique used to identify the crystal structure of solids, geometry,
identify unknown samples, orientation of single crystals, etc. Various characteristics
of a single crystal or polycrystalline material in the form of powder can be studied.
In this, a beam of X-rays of wavelength 0.7–2 A° is made to fall on a small amount
of the material. The X-ray gets diffracted at the crystalline phases in the material
governed by the Bragg’s law:
nλ = 2d sin θ
where, λ is the X-ray wavelength, d is the spacing between atomic planes in the
crystal and θ is the diffraction angle. The main disadvantage of XRD is that it is a
time-consuming process and it requires large volume of sample compared to new
advanced techniques.
139
hence offered better protection of anodized titanium against corrosion [51]. Cobalt
substituted calcium phosphate coatings were developed on Ti-22Nb-6Zr alloy by
electrodeposition method. The coating was observed to be made up of a low crystalline apatite phase and it protected the alloy against the corrosive Hank’s solution
[52]. Pure hydroxyapatite and HAp-ZrO 2 -TiO 2 nanocomposite coatings were developed by merging two different electroplating methods. The coatings exhibited bioactive behavior and also had improved corrosion resistance as observed from decreased
corrosion current density (I corr ) values [53].
3 Nanoceramics Characterization
Nanoceramics are key components finding application in different fields ranging from
energy generation to applications in the biomedical field. New advanced technologies are developed continuously with the help of nanoceramics. Characterization of
nanoceramics is essential as it helps us to understand and control the synthesis as well
as discover possible applications. Nanoceramics can be characterized based on the
conventional characterization methods and surface analysis techniques used for bulk
materials and specialized techniques are being developed to study them in nanoscale
too. In this section, let us briefly study the various characterization techniques, its
significance, and outcome.
3.1 X-Ray Diffraction Analysis (XRD)
X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) is an important, accurate, and non-destructive
experimental technique used to identify the crystal structure of solids, geometry,
identify unknown samples, orientation of single crystals, etc. Various characteristics
of a single crystal or polycrystalline material in the form of powder can be studied.
In this, a beam of X-rays of wavelength 0.7–2 A° is made to fall on a small amount
of the material. The X-ray gets diffracted at the crystalline phases in the material
governed by the Bragg’s law:
nλ = 2d sin θ
where, λ is the X-ray wavelength, d is the spacing between atomic planes in the
crystal and θ is the diffraction angle. The main disadvantage of XRD is that it is a
time-consuming process and it requires large volume of sample compared to new
advanced techniques.