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S. A. Pauline
of pore system and cavities are developed by using surfactants as templates [45].
Nanoporous calcium phosphate ceramics were synthesized by a hard-templating
method using ordered mesoporous carbon as the templating material. The developed
calcium phosphate had disordered 3-D interconnected nanopores of 20–30 nm size
with increased surface area and pore volume and exhibited higher charging capacity
for antibiotics [46].
2.9 Biomimetic Deposition Method
Biomimetic deposition method is a synthetic deposition method where a coating is
developed on the implant surface by mimicking physiological conditions. It is done
by immersing the implants in simulated body fluid (SBF) at a temperature of 37 °C.
Biomimetic deposition happens in two steps. Nucleation followed by formation and
growth of the coating. Such synthetic coatings can be developed on materials such
as metals, bioactive glasses, glass-ceramics, and also on polymers [47]. Calcium
phosphate coatings can be developed on the surface of metals, ceramics, or polymers by this method. These coatings improve load-bearing mechanical strength,
bioactivity, and osteoconductivity. When biomolecules, proteins, or growth factors
are incorporated along in these coatings it is found to improve osteoinductivity and
also sustainably deliver these biomolecules, thus enhancing regeneration of bone
tissue [48]. Octacalcium phosphate coating developed on zirconia oral implants by
biomimetic method was found to have good reproducibility and improved tensile
adhesion strength [49]. Hydroxyapatite coatings were developed on T-i6Al-4 V
substrate by immersing the specimen in supersaturated Ca/P solution that has ionic
composition similar to that of SBF. Homogeneous HAp coating was developed by
this method in a few hours whereas it will require 14 days to develop similar coating
from SBF. The deposited coating consists of HAp globular aggregates with fine
lamellar structure than those deposited from SBF [50].
2.10 Electrophoretic Deposition
Electrophoretic deposition includes many industrial processes such as cathodic electrodeposition, anodic electrodeposition, electrophoretic coating method, etc. In this
process, the coating material is suspended in the form of a colloid in the electrolytic solution and under the influence of an electric field, it migrates and gets
deposited onto the electrode. Materials such as ceramics, metals, pigments, polymers and dyes can be deposited by this method. Electroplating is a type of electrophoretic deposition. Graphene oxide reinforced calcium phosphate coating was
developed on anodized Ti by pulse electrodeposition method. The graphene reinforced coating exhibited improved nano hardness, adhesion strength, crystallinity
and decreased Young’s modulus mismatch of the coating with the Ti substrate and
S. A. Pauline
of pore system and cavities are developed by using surfactants as templates [45].
Nanoporous calcium phosphate ceramics were synthesized by a hard-templating
method using ordered mesoporous carbon as the templating material. The developed
calcium phosphate had disordered 3-D interconnected nanopores of 20–30 nm size
with increased surface area and pore volume and exhibited higher charging capacity
for antibiotics [46].
2.9 Biomimetic Deposition Method
Biomimetic deposition method is a synthetic deposition method where a coating is
developed on the implant surface by mimicking physiological conditions. It is done
by immersing the implants in simulated body fluid (SBF) at a temperature of 37 °C.
Biomimetic deposition happens in two steps. Nucleation followed by formation and
growth of the coating. Such synthetic coatings can be developed on materials such
as metals, bioactive glasses, glass-ceramics, and also on polymers [47]. Calcium
phosphate coatings can be developed on the surface of metals, ceramics, or polymers by this method. These coatings improve load-bearing mechanical strength,
bioactivity, and osteoconductivity. When biomolecules, proteins, or growth factors
are incorporated along in these coatings it is found to improve osteoinductivity and
also sustainably deliver these biomolecules, thus enhancing regeneration of bone
tissue [48]. Octacalcium phosphate coating developed on zirconia oral implants by
biomimetic method was found to have good reproducibility and improved tensile
adhesion strength [49]. Hydroxyapatite coatings were developed on T-i6Al-4 V
substrate by immersing the specimen in supersaturated Ca/P solution that has ionic
composition similar to that of SBF. Homogeneous HAp coating was developed by
this method in a few hours whereas it will require 14 days to develop similar coating
from SBF. The deposited coating consists of HAp globular aggregates with fine
lamellar structure than those deposited from SBF [50].
2.10 Electrophoretic Deposition
Electrophoretic deposition includes many industrial processes such as cathodic electrodeposition, anodic electrodeposition, electrophoretic coating method, etc. In this
process, the coating material is suspended in the form of a colloid in the electrolytic solution and under the influence of an electric field, it migrates and gets
deposited onto the electrode. Materials such as ceramics, metals, pigments, polymers and dyes can be deposited by this method. Electroplating is a type of electrophoretic deposition. Graphene oxide reinforced calcium phosphate coating was
developed on anodized Ti by pulse electrodeposition method. The graphene reinforced coating exhibited improved nano hardness, adhesion strength, crystallinity
and decreased Young’s modulus mismatch of the coating with the Ti substrate and