Modern Experimental Techniques in Ultrafast Atomic …
283
6 Conclusion
An overview of modern experimental techniques used in ultrafast atomic, molecular,
and optical physics has been discussed. The basics of femtosecond oscillator, Chirped
Pulse Amplifier, Carrier Enveloped Phase (CEP), and its stabilization, pump-probe
technique, and femtosecond pulse characterization techniques have been described,
and working principle are discussed. The interaction of ultrafast laser pulses with
atomic and molecular systems may excite/ionize the system, which dissociates into
multiple charged and neutral fragments. The detection of these fragments and kinematics analysis may help in understanding the processes in such interactions. The
time of flight technique is useful for ions’ yield analysis. The kinematics information
of fragments is usually measured by the reaction microscope and the velocity map
imaging technique. In this chapter, we have also covered the various electrons and
ions detection and momentum mapping techniques such as reaction microscope and
Velocity Map Imaging Spectrometer.
Acknowledgements We thank and acknowledge PRL’s support in the research activities of the
Femtosecond Laser Lab, AMOPH division. We also thank PRL’s workshop for their support and
fabrication of the COLTRIMS and VMI spectrometers.
References
1. M. Shapiro, P. Brumer, Quantum Control of Molecular Processes (Wiley, New York, 2012)
2. P. Nuernberger et al., Femtosecond quantum control of molecular bond formation. Proc. Nat.
Acad. Sci. 107(23), 10366–10370 (2010)
3. K. Fehre et al., Link between photoelectron circular dichroism and fragmentation channel in
strong field ionization. J. Phys. Chem A 123(30), 6491–6495 (2019)
4. X. Huailiang et al., Hydrogen migration and C-C bond breaking in 1, 3- butadiene in intense
laser fields studied by coincidence momentum imaging. Chem. Phys. Lett. 484(4–6), 119–123
(2010)
5. P. Tzallas et al., Extreme-ultraviolet pump-probe studies of one-femtosecondscale electron
dynamics. Nat. Phys. 7(10), 781–784 (2011)
6. C.P. Koch, D. Lemeshko, M. Sugny, Quantum control of molecular rotation. Rev. Mod. Phys.
91, 035005 (2019)
7. M. Protopapas, C.H. Keitel, P.L. Knight, Atomic physics with superhigh intensity lasers. Rep.
Progr. Phys. 60(4), 389 (1997)
8. F.H.M. Faisal, Theory of Multiphoton Processes (Springer Science & Business Media, 1987)
9. M. Bashkansky, P.H. Bucksbaum, D.W. Schumacher, Asymmetries in above-threshold ionization. Phys. Rev. Lett. 60(24), 2458 (1988)
10. D.B. Miloševic et al., Above-threshold ionization by few-cycle pulses. J. Phys. B Atom. Molec.
Opt. Phys. 39(14), R203 (2006)
11. W. Nicklich et al., Above-threshold ionization of Cesium under femtosecond laser pulses: new
substructure due to strongly coupled bound states. Phys. Rev. Lett. 69(24), 3455 (1992)
12. L.V. Keldysh et al., Ionization in the field of a strong electromagnetic wave. Sov. Phys. JETP
20(5), 1307–1314 (1965)
13. V.S. Popov, Tunnel and multiphoton ionization of atoms and ions in a strong laser field (Keldysh
theory). Phys.-Uspekhi 47(9), 855 (2004)
283
6 Conclusion
An overview of modern experimental techniques used in ultrafast atomic, molecular,
and optical physics has been discussed. The basics of femtosecond oscillator, Chirped
Pulse Amplifier, Carrier Enveloped Phase (CEP), and its stabilization, pump-probe
technique, and femtosecond pulse characterization techniques have been described,
and working principle are discussed. The interaction of ultrafast laser pulses with
atomic and molecular systems may excite/ionize the system, which dissociates into
multiple charged and neutral fragments. The detection of these fragments and kinematics analysis may help in understanding the processes in such interactions. The
time of flight technique is useful for ions’ yield analysis. The kinematics information
of fragments is usually measured by the reaction microscope and the velocity map
imaging technique. In this chapter, we have also covered the various electrons and
ions detection and momentum mapping techniques such as reaction microscope and
Velocity Map Imaging Spectrometer.
Acknowledgements We thank and acknowledge PRL’s support in the research activities of the
Femtosecond Laser Lab, AMOPH division. We also thank PRL’s workshop for their support and
fabrication of the COLTRIMS and VMI spectrometers.
References
1. M. Shapiro, P. Brumer, Quantum Control of Molecular Processes (Wiley, New York, 2012)
2. P. Nuernberger et al., Femtosecond quantum control of molecular bond formation. Proc. Nat.
Acad. Sci. 107(23), 10366–10370 (2010)
3. K. Fehre et al., Link between photoelectron circular dichroism and fragmentation channel in
strong field ionization. J. Phys. Chem A 123(30), 6491–6495 (2019)
4. X. Huailiang et al., Hydrogen migration and C-C bond breaking in 1, 3- butadiene in intense
laser fields studied by coincidence momentum imaging. Chem. Phys. Lett. 484(4–6), 119–123
(2010)
5. P. Tzallas et al., Extreme-ultraviolet pump-probe studies of one-femtosecondscale electron
dynamics. Nat. Phys. 7(10), 781–784 (2011)
6. C.P. Koch, D. Lemeshko, M. Sugny, Quantum control of molecular rotation. Rev. Mod. Phys.
91, 035005 (2019)
7. M. Protopapas, C.H. Keitel, P.L. Knight, Atomic physics with superhigh intensity lasers. Rep.
Progr. Phys. 60(4), 389 (1997)
8. F.H.M. Faisal, Theory of Multiphoton Processes (Springer Science & Business Media, 1987)
9. M. Bashkansky, P.H. Bucksbaum, D.W. Schumacher, Asymmetries in above-threshold ionization. Phys. Rev. Lett. 60(24), 2458 (1988)
10. D.B. Miloševic et al., Above-threshold ionization by few-cycle pulses. J. Phys. B Atom. Molec.
Opt. Phys. 39(14), R203 (2006)
11. W. Nicklich et al., Above-threshold ionization of Cesium under femtosecond laser pulses: new
substructure due to strongly coupled bound states. Phys. Rev. Lett. 69(24), 3455 (1992)
12. L.V. Keldysh et al., Ionization in the field of a strong electromagnetic wave. Sov. Phys. JETP
20(5), 1307–1314 (1965)
13. V.S. Popov, Tunnel and multiphoton ionization of atoms and ions in a strong laser field (Keldysh
theory). Phys.-Uspekhi 47(9), 855 (2004)