and E90 are 0–30, 30–60, and 60–90 km southeast
of the railway, respectively. The hatched line represents
the railway (from Ito et al. 2005) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Fig. 14.4 Underpasses on the Ulaanbaatar–Beijing Railway . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Fig. 14.5 Average normalized-difference vegetation index (NDVI) in
each zone adjacent to the railway from 17 November to 2
December 2002. Error bars represent 95% confidence
intervals. See Fig. 14.3 for explanation of zone names
(from Ito et al. 2005) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Fig. 14.6 Movements of the tracked Mongolian gazelles: a gazelles
captured on the southwestern side of the Ulaanbaatar–Beijing
Railway in 2007, and b gazelles captured on the northeastern
side from 2003. The tracking continued until 2012 (from Ito
et al. 2013a). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Fig. 14.7 Monthly ratio (mean + SE) of location data within 10 km
of the anthropogenic barriers (the railway and the international
border fence) to all monthly location data for tracked
Mongolian gazelles that used areas within 10 km of the
barriers at least once during the tracking periods (n = 16;
from Ito et al. 2013a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Fig. 14.8 a Study area of a Mongolian gazelle carcass census conducted
along the Ulaanbaatar–Beijing Railway in June 2005 and
ranges of each zone. Open squares are locations of major
towns and the start- and end-points of the carcass census.
The hatched line represents the railway. b Carcass numbers
of Mongolian gazelles on the southwestern and northeastern
sides of the Ulaanbaatar–Beijing Railway in each zone.
We categorized carcasses according to whether we found
them outside or inside railway fences (from Ito et al. 2008) . . . 240
Fig. 14.9 Carcass of a Mongolian gazelle entangled in a railway fence
of the Ulaanbaatar–Beijing Railway. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
Fig. 15.1 Road and railway and wildlife, overview of implication
and general way of solution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Fig. 15.2 Categorization of railways in the Czech Republic (location
in Europe in inset) by maximal speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Fig. 15.3 Road versus railway infrastructure in the Czech Republic . . . . . 251
Fig. 16.1 Location of study sites in France (left panel) and in the Paris
region (right panel) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
Fig. 16.2 Functional connectivity of railway verges for semi-natural
plant species. Green patches represent railway verges. Arrows
represent propagules movement. Circles with symbols
represent plant communities with highly (black), moderately
(dark grey) and poorly (light grey) mobile species . . . . . . . . . . 268
List of Figures
xxvii
of the railway, respectively. The hatched line represents
the railway (from Ito et al. 2005) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Fig. 14.4 Underpasses on the Ulaanbaatar–Beijing Railway . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Fig. 14.5 Average normalized-difference vegetation index (NDVI) in
each zone adjacent to the railway from 17 November to 2
December 2002. Error bars represent 95% confidence
intervals. See Fig. 14.3 for explanation of zone names
(from Ito et al. 2005) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Fig. 14.6 Movements of the tracked Mongolian gazelles: a gazelles
captured on the southwestern side of the Ulaanbaatar–Beijing
Railway in 2007, and b gazelles captured on the northeastern
side from 2003. The tracking continued until 2012 (from Ito
et al. 2013a). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Fig. 14.7 Monthly ratio (mean + SE) of location data within 10 km
of the anthropogenic barriers (the railway and the international
border fence) to all monthly location data for tracked
Mongolian gazelles that used areas within 10 km of the
barriers at least once during the tracking periods (n = 16;
from Ito et al. 2013a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Fig. 14.8 a Study area of a Mongolian gazelle carcass census conducted
along the Ulaanbaatar–Beijing Railway in June 2005 and
ranges of each zone. Open squares are locations of major
towns and the start- and end-points of the carcass census.
The hatched line represents the railway. b Carcass numbers
of Mongolian gazelles on the southwestern and northeastern
sides of the Ulaanbaatar–Beijing Railway in each zone.
We categorized carcasses according to whether we found
them outside or inside railway fences (from Ito et al. 2008) . . . 240
Fig. 14.9 Carcass of a Mongolian gazelle entangled in a railway fence
of the Ulaanbaatar–Beijing Railway. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
Fig. 15.1 Road and railway and wildlife, overview of implication
and general way of solution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Fig. 15.2 Categorization of railways in the Czech Republic (location
in Europe in inset) by maximal speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Fig. 15.3 Road versus railway infrastructure in the Czech Republic . . . . . 251
Fig. 16.1 Location of study sites in France (left panel) and in the Paris
region (right panel) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
Fig. 16.2 Functional connectivity of railway verges for semi-natural
plant species. Green patches represent railway verges. Arrows
represent propagules movement. Circles with symbols
represent plant communities with highly (black), moderately
(dark grey) and poorly (light grey) mobile species . . . . . . . . . . 268
List of Figures
xxvii