Fig. 11.2 Variation in mean densities (birds/ha) of the most
abundant wetland birds counted in sectors close (<500 m)
and far (>500 m) from the railway line, in relation to season
and level of the tidal cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Fig. 12.1 a Map of the study area in Ria de Aveiro (Portugal), showing
the location of the new railway line and the saltpans that were
impacted by the construction and functioning of the railway
(blue) and the saltpans that were used as control sampling
units (green). b Timeline of the different phases, with photos
of the same railway viaduct section, also showing one
of the impacted saltpans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Fig. 12.2 Outline of the sampling rationale and parameters collected
to test for the impacts of a new railway on shorebirds breeding
and wintering in saltpans of Ria de Aveiro (Portugal) . . . . . . . . 202
Fig. 12.3 Number of nests per week of Black-winged Stilt in impacted
and control saltpans of Ria de Aveiro (Portugal), before
(2006), during (2008–2009), and after (2011) the construction
of a new railway in the study area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Fig. 12.4 Boxplots showing variation in the number of Black-winged
Stilt nests, and nest and fledging success, in impacted and
control saltpans of Ria de Aveiro (Portugal), before (2006),
during (2008–2009), and after (2011) the construction
of a new railway in the study area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Fig. 13.1 Landscape (a) and ecological network of the tree frog
(b) in the Burgundy-Franche-Comté region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Fig. 13.2 Rate of variation of the PC flux values (%) due
to the implementation of the HSR line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Fig. 13.3 Location of ten new wildlife crossing structures maximizing
connectivity. The top left inset shows the curve of the increase
in connectivity provided by new amphibian passes. The
numbers 1–10 refer to the rank of crossings according
to the gain in connectivity they provide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Fig. 14.1 A herd of Mongolian gazelles moving along the Ulaanbaatar–
Beijing Railway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Fig. 14.2 Existing and planned railways in Mongolia and the
distributions of the Mongolian gazelle, goitered gazelle,
and Asiatic wild ass. Data of the wildlife distribution were
downloaded from the IUCN red list website (http://www.
iucnredlist.org). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Fig. 14.3 Locations of two tracked Mongolian gazelles from 2002
to 2003 in Mongolia, and the zones in which the
normalized-difference vegetation index (NDVI) was analyzed.
Zones W30, W60, and W90 are 0–30, 30–60, and 60–90 km
northwest of the railway, respectively, and zones E30, E60,
xxvi
List of Figures
abundant wetland birds counted in sectors close (<500 m)
and far (>500 m) from the railway line, in relation to season
and level of the tidal cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Fig. 12.1 a Map of the study area in Ria de Aveiro (Portugal), showing
the location of the new railway line and the saltpans that were
impacted by the construction and functioning of the railway
(blue) and the saltpans that were used as control sampling
units (green). b Timeline of the different phases, with photos
of the same railway viaduct section, also showing one
of the impacted saltpans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Fig. 12.2 Outline of the sampling rationale and parameters collected
to test for the impacts of a new railway on shorebirds breeding
and wintering in saltpans of Ria de Aveiro (Portugal) . . . . . . . . 202
Fig. 12.3 Number of nests per week of Black-winged Stilt in impacted
and control saltpans of Ria de Aveiro (Portugal), before
(2006), during (2008–2009), and after (2011) the construction
of a new railway in the study area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Fig. 12.4 Boxplots showing variation in the number of Black-winged
Stilt nests, and nest and fledging success, in impacted and
control saltpans of Ria de Aveiro (Portugal), before (2006),
during (2008–2009), and after (2011) the construction
of a new railway in the study area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Fig. 13.1 Landscape (a) and ecological network of the tree frog
(b) in the Burgundy-Franche-Comté region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Fig. 13.2 Rate of variation of the PC flux values (%) due
to the implementation of the HSR line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Fig. 13.3 Location of ten new wildlife crossing structures maximizing
connectivity. The top left inset shows the curve of the increase
in connectivity provided by new amphibian passes. The
numbers 1–10 refer to the rank of crossings according
to the gain in connectivity they provide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Fig. 14.1 A herd of Mongolian gazelles moving along the Ulaanbaatar–
Beijing Railway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Fig. 14.2 Existing and planned railways in Mongolia and the
distributions of the Mongolian gazelle, goitered gazelle,
and Asiatic wild ass. Data of the wildlife distribution were
downloaded from the IUCN red list website (http://www.
iucnredlist.org). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Fig. 14.3 Locations of two tracked Mongolian gazelles from 2002
to 2003 in Mongolia, and the zones in which the
normalized-difference vegetation index (NDVI) was analyzed.
Zones W30, W60, and W90 are 0–30, 30–60, and 60–90 km
northwest of the railway, respectively, and zones E30, E60,
xxvi
List of Figures