Fig. 10.1 Temporal variation between 1974 and 2015 in the number
of train–elephant collision accidents (No inc) and in the
number of elephants killed (ele killed) per 5-year period,
in the Siliguri–Alipurduar railway, northern West Bengal,
India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Fig. 10.2 Temporal distribution of train–elephant collisions during
the daily cycle in the period 2004 and 2015 (after broad gauge
conversion), in the Siliguri–Alipurduar railway, northern West
Bengal, India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Fig. 10.3 Variation in relation to season in the number of accidents
(InC no) and number of elephants killed (Ele No) in collisions
with trains during 2004–2015 (after broad gauge conversion)
in the Siliguri–Alipurduar railway, northern West Bengal,
India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Fig. 10.4 Monthly variation of railway elephant accidents
(REA) between 2004 and 2015 (after broad gauge
conversion), in the Siliguri–Alipurduar railway, and in the
frequency of crop raiding (FCR) by elephants in villages. Data
on crop raiding are based on Sukumar et al. (2003) and Roy
(2010) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Fig. 10.5 Locations of elephant–train accidents in northern West Bengal
during 1974–2002 (upper panel, a) when meter gauge was in
operation (pink stars indicate locations where accidents
occurred) and during 2004–2015 (lower panel, b) after broad
gauge conversion (red stars indicate locations where
accidents occurred) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Fig. 10.6 Maps estimating the spatial variation in the risk of collision of
elephants with trains along the railway track in northern West
Bengal based on point densities (“Susceptibility Map”; upper
panel, a) and kernel densities (lower panel, b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Fig. 10.7 Suggestions for realignment of the existing railway track from
Siliguri Junction to Alipurduar Junction to reduce the risk
of train–elephant collisions in northern West Bengal. #Red
line Northern sector railway track (Siliguri Junction–
Alipurduar Junction). #Green line Southern sector railway
track (New Jalpaiguri–New Alipurduar Junction) that does not
pass through any forest. #Pink lines Possible realignment
of track (Dalgaon- Falakata (A-1), Madarihat–Falakata (A-2)).
#Blue dotted lines Possible realignment of proposed track
(Madarihat–Alipurduar Junction (A-3) and Hamlitonganj–
Damanpur (A-4)) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Fig. 11.1 Map of the study area in the Sado Estuary (Portugal), showing
the location of the sectors close (0–500 m) and far (500–1500
m) from the railway, where wetland birds were counted
between December 2012 and October 2015. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
List of Figures
xxv
of train–elephant collision accidents (No inc) and in the
number of elephants killed (ele killed) per 5-year period,
in the Siliguri–Alipurduar railway, northern West Bengal,
India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Fig. 10.2 Temporal distribution of train–elephant collisions during
the daily cycle in the period 2004 and 2015 (after broad gauge
conversion), in the Siliguri–Alipurduar railway, northern West
Bengal, India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Fig. 10.3 Variation in relation to season in the number of accidents
(InC no) and number of elephants killed (Ele No) in collisions
with trains during 2004–2015 (after broad gauge conversion)
in the Siliguri–Alipurduar railway, northern West Bengal,
India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Fig. 10.4 Monthly variation of railway elephant accidents
(REA) between 2004 and 2015 (after broad gauge
conversion), in the Siliguri–Alipurduar railway, and in the
frequency of crop raiding (FCR) by elephants in villages. Data
on crop raiding are based on Sukumar et al. (2003) and Roy
(2010) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Fig. 10.5 Locations of elephant–train accidents in northern West Bengal
during 1974–2002 (upper panel, a) when meter gauge was in
operation (pink stars indicate locations where accidents
occurred) and during 2004–2015 (lower panel, b) after broad
gauge conversion (red stars indicate locations where
accidents occurred) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Fig. 10.6 Maps estimating the spatial variation in the risk of collision of
elephants with trains along the railway track in northern West
Bengal based on point densities (“Susceptibility Map”; upper
panel, a) and kernel densities (lower panel, b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Fig. 10.7 Suggestions for realignment of the existing railway track from
Siliguri Junction to Alipurduar Junction to reduce the risk
of train–elephant collisions in northern West Bengal. #Red
line Northern sector railway track (Siliguri Junction–
Alipurduar Junction). #Green line Southern sector railway
track (New Jalpaiguri–New Alipurduar Junction) that does not
pass through any forest. #Pink lines Possible realignment
of track (Dalgaon- Falakata (A-1), Madarihat–Falakata (A-2)).
#Blue dotted lines Possible realignment of proposed track
(Madarihat–Alipurduar Junction (A-3) and Hamlitonganj–
Damanpur (A-4)) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Fig. 11.1 Map of the study area in the Sado Estuary (Portugal), showing
the location of the sectors close (0–500 m) and far (500–1500
m) from the railway, where wetland birds were counted
between December 2012 and October 2015. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
List of Figures
xxv