Fig. 17.1 Trends in moose and roe deer reportedly killed on roads,
on railways and through hunting. Traffic accounts for
about 10–15% of all human-caused mortality, and the
proportion is increasing. Updated from Seiler et al. (2011) . . . . 278
Fig. 17.2 Reported wildlife-train collisions in Sweden during
2001–2010. Source Seiler et al. (2011) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
Fig. 17.3 Annual frequencies of reported and positioned train collisions
with moose and roe deer per km of railway in Sweden during
2001–2009. From Seiler et al. (2011) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
Fig. 17.4 Upper picture train driver’s view of a fleeing moose shortly
before collision. The picture was taken with a video dashcam
mounted inside the driver’s cabin. Lower picture the damaged
front of the X2000 train engine after the moose collision.
Photos Jimmy Nilsson, Swedish Railways. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
Fig. 17.5 Conceptual sketch of an experimental crosswalk: standard
exclusion fences lead animals towards an opening of about 50
m in width where movement detectors, thermal cameras and
video cameras monitor the presence and behaviour of animals
and trigger the warning system when trains approach. Crushed
stone or cattle guards will discourage ungulates from entering
the fenced area. Human access to the crosswalk is prohibited.
Drawing Lars Jäderberg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
Fig. 18.1 The Great Northern Environmental Stewardship Area between
West Glacier and East Glacier, Montana, USA . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Fig. 18.2 A westbound Burlington-Northern Santa Fe freight train
crossing Marias Pass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
Fig. 18.3 Spilled corn covers the slopes below the tracks during
cleanup of a freight train derailment near Marias Pass,
Montana, USA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Fig. 18.4 A Burlington-Northern Santa Fe freight train crosses
the Sheep Cr. Trestle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Fig. 18.5 An avalanche partially buries a snow shed on the
Burlington-Northern Santa Fe railroad in the John F. Stevens
canyon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Fig. 18.6 A large cut-and-fill railroad bed completely obstructs
a natural drainage in Glacier National Park . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
xxviii
List of Figures
on railways and through hunting. Traffic accounts for
about 10–15% of all human-caused mortality, and the
proportion is increasing. Updated from Seiler et al. (2011) . . . . 278
Fig. 17.2 Reported wildlife-train collisions in Sweden during
2001–2010. Source Seiler et al. (2011) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
Fig. 17.3 Annual frequencies of reported and positioned train collisions
with moose and roe deer per km of railway in Sweden during
2001–2009. From Seiler et al. (2011) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
Fig. 17.4 Upper picture train driver’s view of a fleeing moose shortly
before collision. The picture was taken with a video dashcam
mounted inside the driver’s cabin. Lower picture the damaged
front of the X2000 train engine after the moose collision.
Photos Jimmy Nilsson, Swedish Railways. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
Fig. 17.5 Conceptual sketch of an experimental crosswalk: standard
exclusion fences lead animals towards an opening of about 50
m in width where movement detectors, thermal cameras and
video cameras monitor the presence and behaviour of animals
and trigger the warning system when trains approach. Crushed
stone or cattle guards will discourage ungulates from entering
the fenced area. Human access to the crosswalk is prohibited.
Drawing Lars Jäderberg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
Fig. 18.1 The Great Northern Environmental Stewardship Area between
West Glacier and East Glacier, Montana, USA . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Fig. 18.2 A westbound Burlington-Northern Santa Fe freight train
crossing Marias Pass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
Fig. 18.3 Spilled corn covers the slopes below the tracks during
cleanup of a freight train derailment near Marias Pass,
Montana, USA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Fig. 18.4 A Burlington-Northern Santa Fe freight train crosses
the Sheep Cr. Trestle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Fig. 18.5 An avalanche partially buries a snow shed on the
Burlington-Northern Santa Fe railroad in the John F. Stevens
canyon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Fig. 18.6 A large cut-and-fill railroad bed completely obstructs
a natural drainage in Glacier National Park . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
xxviii
List of Figures