Hitoshi’ group), and by ASCA (Ebisawa Ken and Dotani Tadayasu’ group),
successively.
Other black hole candidates observed by these satellites include LMC X-1
(Ebisawa Ken et el. 1989), LMC X-3 (Ebisawa Ken et al. 1993), GX 339–4 (Ueda
Yoshihiro et al. 1994), GS 1124–683 and five other candidates (Miyamoto Shigenori
1996), GS 2000 + 25, and others (Ebisawa Ken et al. 1997). Most black hole
candidates were found to have two components, hard and soft X-ray spectra with
violent time variations. Some of them exhibit quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs),
and some show nova-like variations.
7.6 Celestial Mechanism
In Japan, celestial mechanics was advanced by Hagihara Yusuke, as shown in
Chap. 3. His works were taken up by Kozai Yoshihide (古在由秀), Hori
Gen-ichiro (堀源一郎), Kinoshita Hiroshi (木下宙), and others in the postwar
period (Miyamoto and Kinoshita 2008).
7.6.1 Kozai and Celestial Mechanism
7.6.1.1 Life and Works
Kozai Yoshihide (1928–2018) was an astronomer working in celestial mechanics
and discovered the Kozai-Lidov mechanism in the restricted three-body problem,
along with M. L. Lidov of the Soviet Union.
He was born in Tokyo into an academic family, where, among others, his father
Kozai Yoshimasa (由正) was a historian and his uncle Yoshishige (由重) a philosopher. Yoshihide (由秀) chose astronomy and entered the Department of Astronomy
at the University of Tokyo in 1948. He studied celestial mechanics under Hagihara
Yushuke (Chap. 3).
Kozai Yoshihide wrote his thesis on the satellite system of Saturn in 1958 at the
TAO. In the following year, the first artificial satellite, Sputnik, was launched by the
Soviet Union. The celestial mechanics of the orbital motion of an artificial satellite
became an important and hot topic of the time. Thus, the motion of artificial satellites
became one of Kozai’s life works. In honor of his achievements, he received the
Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy (日本学士院賞) in 1979 and the Brouwer
Award of the American Astronomical Society in 1989; moreover, in 2009, he won
the Decoration of Cultural Merit (文化功労章) from the Japanese government.
Along with research work, he had an administrative capability and contributed to
the construction of the Subaru telescope in the 1980s and served as director of the
TAO (1981–1988) and the NAOJ (1988–1994). From 1988 to 1991, Kozai served as
president of the IAU. After retirement, he served as director of the Gunma
7.6 Celestial Mechanism
209
successively.
Other black hole candidates observed by these satellites include LMC X-1
(Ebisawa Ken et el. 1989), LMC X-3 (Ebisawa Ken et al. 1993), GX 339–4 (Ueda
Yoshihiro et al. 1994), GS 1124–683 and five other candidates (Miyamoto Shigenori
1996), GS 2000 + 25, and others (Ebisawa Ken et al. 1997). Most black hole
candidates were found to have two components, hard and soft X-ray spectra with
violent time variations. Some of them exhibit quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs),
and some show nova-like variations.
7.6 Celestial Mechanism
In Japan, celestial mechanics was advanced by Hagihara Yusuke, as shown in
Chap. 3. His works were taken up by Kozai Yoshihide (古在由秀), Hori
Gen-ichiro (堀源一郎), Kinoshita Hiroshi (木下宙), and others in the postwar
period (Miyamoto and Kinoshita 2008).
7.6.1 Kozai and Celestial Mechanism
7.6.1.1 Life and Works
Kozai Yoshihide (1928–2018) was an astronomer working in celestial mechanics
and discovered the Kozai-Lidov mechanism in the restricted three-body problem,
along with M. L. Lidov of the Soviet Union.
He was born in Tokyo into an academic family, where, among others, his father
Kozai Yoshimasa (由正) was a historian and his uncle Yoshishige (由重) a philosopher. Yoshihide (由秀) chose astronomy and entered the Department of Astronomy
at the University of Tokyo in 1948. He studied celestial mechanics under Hagihara
Yushuke (Chap. 3).
Kozai Yoshihide wrote his thesis on the satellite system of Saturn in 1958 at the
TAO. In the following year, the first artificial satellite, Sputnik, was launched by the
Soviet Union. The celestial mechanics of the orbital motion of an artificial satellite
became an important and hot topic of the time. Thus, the motion of artificial satellites
became one of Kozai’s life works. In honor of his achievements, he received the
Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy (日本学士院賞) in 1979 and the Brouwer
Award of the American Astronomical Society in 1989; moreover, in 2009, he won
the Decoration of Cultural Merit (文化功労章) from the Japanese government.
Along with research work, he had an administrative capability and contributed to
the construction of the Subaru telescope in the 1980s and served as director of the
TAO (1981–1988) and the NAOJ (1988–1994). From 1988 to 1991, Kozai served as
president of the IAU. After retirement, he served as director of the Gunma
7.6 Celestial Mechanism
209