352
ingly important, and indeed an asset, for future industrial parks to be geographically
located on a carbon capture and transportation highway umbilically linked to a carbon storage facility. Carbon management and CO 2 sequestration will be at the heart
of a future low-carbon industrial park and become part of the utility system.
In the Yorkshire and Humber region, National Grid is helping to develop solutions to reduce the carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions from power stations and industrial plants. A solution being explored is carbon capture, transportation and storage
(CCS) technology – capturing carbon dioxide emissions and transporting them to be
stored permanently beneath the seabed in natural porous rock formations or depleted
oil and gas fi elds. If approved, the Yorkshire and Humber CCS Cross-Country
Pipeline project
4 will involve the construction of a cross-country pipeline and a
subsea pipeline to transport carbon dioxide from fossil fuel power stations and
industrial plants in the region to a permanent geological storage site beneath the
North Sea. The onshore pipeline would be 75 km long and would use the same sort
of technology as the national high-pressure gas pipeline network, owned and operated by National Grid. It would be up to 24″ (about 600 mm) in diameter and buried
at least 1.2 m below ground. The carbon dioxide would be transported in liquid form
at a pressure of 150 barg. The subsea pipeline would be the same size and on the
seabed. Offshore, the carbon dioxide would be transported at a pressure of up to 200
barg to a geological storage site beneath the North Sea. The pipeline would have the
capacity to transport up to 17 million tonnes of carbon dioxide every year. The longterm aspiration is for the pipeline to form the foundation of a regional CCS network,
potentially capturing tens of millions of tonnes of carbon dioxide every year.
As noted above, the major themes within LOCIMAP, the optimisation of steam
and power systems, cannot be realised within supply chain integration unless the
manufacturing units are co-located. It will clearly be an economic impossibility to
integrate utility systems that rely on close proximity between partner organisations
unless that is the case. Within the CO 2 agenda, supply chain integration is subservient to the industrial symbiosis question. This may even lead to a reconfi guration or
even a redefi nition of the supply chain.
The waste industry will play an increasing role within the industrial landscape of
such symbiotic parks through the provision of feedstock. Whilst industrial symbiosis and the exchange of industrial by-products as feedstocks are vital in future
industrial parks, the importance of post-consumer waste as a feedstock will also
grow. For some elements, e.g. copper, it is recorded that there is more material in the
technosphere rather than the geosphere, and there is much concern over the availability of a range of other ‘critical raw materials’. In some cases the concentration
of these materials is greater in post-consumer and industrial wastes than in the virgin ore; some process are natural concentrators of the ore, e.g. the levels of germanium and gallium in coal ashes are inevitably almost 100 times that in the coal.
Despite many critical raw materials being nonindigenous to Europe, recycling and
recovery rates of such elements and compounds are still amazingly low.
4 http://www.ccshumber.co.uk
M. Bailey and A. Gadd
ingly important, and indeed an asset, for future industrial parks to be geographically
located on a carbon capture and transportation highway umbilically linked to a carbon storage facility. Carbon management and CO 2 sequestration will be at the heart
of a future low-carbon industrial park and become part of the utility system.
In the Yorkshire and Humber region, National Grid is helping to develop solutions to reduce the carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions from power stations and industrial plants. A solution being explored is carbon capture, transportation and storage
(CCS) technology – capturing carbon dioxide emissions and transporting them to be
stored permanently beneath the seabed in natural porous rock formations or depleted
oil and gas fi elds. If approved, the Yorkshire and Humber CCS Cross-Country
Pipeline project
4 will involve the construction of a cross-country pipeline and a
subsea pipeline to transport carbon dioxide from fossil fuel power stations and
industrial plants in the region to a permanent geological storage site beneath the
North Sea. The onshore pipeline would be 75 km long and would use the same sort
of technology as the national high-pressure gas pipeline network, owned and operated by National Grid. It would be up to 24″ (about 600 mm) in diameter and buried
at least 1.2 m below ground. The carbon dioxide would be transported in liquid form
at a pressure of 150 barg. The subsea pipeline would be the same size and on the
seabed. Offshore, the carbon dioxide would be transported at a pressure of up to 200
barg to a geological storage site beneath the North Sea. The pipeline would have the
capacity to transport up to 17 million tonnes of carbon dioxide every year. The longterm aspiration is for the pipeline to form the foundation of a regional CCS network,
potentially capturing tens of millions of tonnes of carbon dioxide every year.
As noted above, the major themes within LOCIMAP, the optimisation of steam
and power systems, cannot be realised within supply chain integration unless the
manufacturing units are co-located. It will clearly be an economic impossibility to
integrate utility systems that rely on close proximity between partner organisations
unless that is the case. Within the CO 2 agenda, supply chain integration is subservient to the industrial symbiosis question. This may even lead to a reconfi guration or
even a redefi nition of the supply chain.
The waste industry will play an increasing role within the industrial landscape of
such symbiotic parks through the provision of feedstock. Whilst industrial symbiosis and the exchange of industrial by-products as feedstocks are vital in future
industrial parks, the importance of post-consumer waste as a feedstock will also
grow. For some elements, e.g. copper, it is recorded that there is more material in the
technosphere rather than the geosphere, and there is much concern over the availability of a range of other ‘critical raw materials’. In some cases the concentration
of these materials is greater in post-consumer and industrial wastes than in the virgin ore; some process are natural concentrators of the ore, e.g. the levels of germanium and gallium in coal ashes are inevitably almost 100 times that in the coal.
Despite many critical raw materials being nonindigenous to Europe, recycling and
recovery rates of such elements and compounds are still amazingly low.
4 http://www.ccshumber.co.uk
M. Bailey and A. Gadd