168
Table 8.1
(continued)
Impact
Fraction of total global
impact embodied in trade
(absolute amount, year)
Largest exporter (i), largest
importer (ii), largest bilateral
trade fl ow (iii), gross fl ows, not
net fl ows
a
Method (name of database/model)
References
Raw materials
(a) 26 %
(15 Gt, 2005)
(a) n.p. for countries
(a) IOT and bilateral trade analysis
(GRAM/OECD)
(a) Bruckner et al. ( 2012 )
(i) OECD LD (5.5 Gt)
(ii) OECD HD (9.9 Gt)
(b) 34 %
(22 Gt, 2007)
(b)( i) China (3.9 Gt)
(b) MRIO analysis (GTAP,
materialfl ows.net)
(b) Giljum et al. ( 2014 )
(ii) USA (3.5 Gt)
(c) 24 %
(16 Gt, 2008)
(c) (i) China (2.6 Gt)
(c) MRIO analysis (WIOD)
(c) Arto et al. ( 2012 )
(ii) USA (2.8 Gt)
(d) 41 %
(29 Gt, 2008)
(d) (i) India (0.5 Gt biomass)
(d) MRIO analysis (Eora)
(d) Wiedmann et al.
( 2015 )
China (5.2 Gt construction
materials)
Russia (1.2 Gt fossil fuels)
Chile (0.7 Gt metal ores)
(ii) USA (0.8 Gt biomass
USA (2.1 Gt construction
materials)
USA (1.3 Gt fossil fuels)
USA (0.7 Gt metal ores)
Metal ores
62 % for iron ore
(1,380 Mt,
2008)
(i) Brazil (315 Mt iron ore),
Australia (44 Mt bauxite)
MRIO analysis (Eora)
Wiedmann et al. ( 2014 )
64 % for bauxite
(136 Mt,
2008)
(ii) China (350 Mt iron ore),
USA (24 Mt bauxite)
T. Wiedmann