167
Impact
Fraction of total global
impact embodied in trade
(absolute amount, year)
Largest exporter (i), largest
importer (ii), largest bilateral
trade fl ow (iii), gross fl ows, not
net fl ows
a
Method (name of database/model)
References
Land
(a) 24 %
(1800 Mgha, 2004)
(biologically productive land
area)
(a)( i) China (218 Mgha)
(a) MRIO analysis (GTAP)
(a) Weinzettel et al.
( 2013 )
(ii) USA (326 Mgha)
(iii) From China to USA (59
mgha)
(b) n.p.
(b) (i) Russia (258 Mha)
(b) MRIO analysis (GTAP)
(b) Yu et al. ( 2013 )
(ii) USA (198 Mha)
(iii) From Russia to China (64
Mha)
(c) 23 %
(1660 Mha, 2008)
(c) (i) China (160 Mha)
(c) MRIO analysis (WIOD)
(c) Arto et al. ( 2012 )
(ii) USA (260 Mha)
Cropland
20 %
(271 Mha, 2008)
(i) USA (37 Mha, 2009)
Analysis of bilateral trade data
(FAOSTAT)
Kastner et al. ( 2014a )
(ii) China (34 Mha, 2009) (MRIO
analysis suggests that China is a
major exporter Kastner et al.,
( 2014b ))
(iii) North America to East Asia
(18 Mha)
Threatened
species
30 %
(7500 species threats,
2009)
(i) Indonesia (238 species
threats)
MRIO analysis (Eora)
Lenzen et al. ( 2012 )
(ii) USA (1262)
(iii) Papua New Guinea to Japan
(91)
Energy
35 %
(n.p., 2007)
(i) Russia (23 PJ)
MRIO analysis (EXIOBASE)
Simas et al. ( 2015 )
(ii) USA (25 PJ)
(continued)
8 Impacts Embodied in Global Trade Flows