Electric-Field-Controlled MRAM: Physics and Applications
171
36. C. Grezes, F. Ebrahimi, J.G. Alzate et al., Ultra-low switching energy and scaling in electricfield-controlled nanoscale magnetic tunnel junctions with high resistance-area product. Appl.
Phys. Lett. 108, 012403 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4939446
37. H. Cai, W. Kang, Y. Wang et al., High performance MRAM with spin-transfer-torque and
voltage-controlled magnetic anisotropy effects. Appl. Sci. 7, 929 (2017). https://doi.org/10.
3390/app7090929
38. K. Kita, D.W. Abraham, M.J. Gajek et al., Electric-field-control of magnetic anisotropy of
Co0.6Fe0.2B0.2/oxide stacks using reduced voltage. J. Appl. Phys. 112, 033919 (2012). https://
doi.org/10.1063/1.4745901
39. X. Li, G. Yu, H. Wu et al., Thermally stable voltage-controlled perpendicular magnetic
anisotropy in Mo|CoFeB|MgO structures. Appl. Phys. Lett. 107, 142403 (2015). https://doi.
org/10.1063/1.4932553
40. P.V. Ong, N. Kioussis, D. Odkhuu et al., Giant voltage modulation of magnetic anisotropy in
strained heavy metal/magnet/insulator heterostructures. Phys. Rev. B 92, 020407(R) (2015).
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.92.020407
41. S. Kanai, M. Tsujikawa, Y. Miura et al., Magnetic anisotropy in Ta/CoFeB/MgO investigated
by x-ray magnetic circular dichroism and first-principles calculation Magnetic anisotropy
in Ta/CoFeB/MgO investigated by x-ray magnetic circular dichroism and first-principles
calculation. Appl. Phys. Lett. 105, 222409 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4903296
42. T. Maruyama, Y. Shiota, T. Nozaki et al., Large voltage-induced magnetic anisotropy change
in a few atomic layers of iron. Nat. Nanotechnol. 4, 158–161 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1038/
nnano.2008.406
43. S. Zhang, Spin-dependent surface screening in ferromagnets and magnetic tunnel junctions.
Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 640–643 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.640
44. M. Zeng, J. Lourembam, S.T. Lim, Electric-field Effect on Magnetic Anisotropy of
MgO/CoFe/capping structures. J. Appl. Phys. 126, 153902 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1063/
1.5082610
45. K.H. He, J.S. Chen, Y.P. Feng, First principles study of the electric field effect on magnetization
and magnetic anisotropy of FeCo/MgO(001) thin film. Appl. Phys. Lett. 99, 072503 (2011).
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3626598
46. M.K. Niranjan, C.-G. Duan, S.S. Jaswal, E.Y. Tsymbal, Electric field effect on magnetization
at the Fe/MgO(001) interface. Appl Phys Lett 96, 222504 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.
3443658
47. X.W. Guan, X.M. Cheng, T. Huang et al., Effect of metal-to-metal interface states on the
electric-field modified magnetic anisotropy in MgO/Fe/non-magnetic metal. J. Appl. Phys .
119, 133905 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4945025
48. M. Tsujikawa, S. Haraguchi, T. Oda et al., A comparative ab initio study on electric-field
dependence of magnetic anisotropy in MgO/Fe/Pt and MgO/Fe/Au films. J. Appl. Phys. 109,
07C107 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3540677
49. M. Tsujikawa, S. Haraguchi, T. Oda, Effect of atomic monolayer insertions on electric-fieldinduced rotation of magnetic easy axis. J.. Appl. Phys. 111, 083910 (2012). https://doi.org/10.
1063/1.3703682
50. M. Zeng, J. Lourembam, L.S. Ter, Large electric field modulation of magnetic anisotropy
in MgO/CoFe/Ta structures with monolayer oxide insertion. Appl. Phys. Lett. 113, 192404
(2018). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5043443
51. M. Endo, S. Kanai, S. Ikeda et al., Electric-field effects on thickness dependent magnetic
anisotropy of sputtered MgO/Co 40 Fe 40 B 20 /Ta structures. Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 212503 (2010).
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3429592
52. Y. Lau, P. Sheng, S. Mitani et al., Electric field modulation of the non-linear areal magnetic
anisotropy energy in CoFeB/MgO. Appl. Phys. Lett. 110, 022405 (2017). https://doi.org/10.
1109/INTMAG.2017.8008024
53. F. Bonell, S. Murakami, Y. Shiota et al., Large change in perpendicular magnetic anisotropy
induced by an electric field in FePd ultrathin films. Appl Phys. Lett. 98, 232510 (2011). https://
doi.org/10.1063/1.3599492
171
36. C. Grezes, F. Ebrahimi, J.G. Alzate et al., Ultra-low switching energy and scaling in electricfield-controlled nanoscale magnetic tunnel junctions with high resistance-area product. Appl.
Phys. Lett. 108, 012403 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4939446
37. H. Cai, W. Kang, Y. Wang et al., High performance MRAM with spin-transfer-torque and
voltage-controlled magnetic anisotropy effects. Appl. Sci. 7, 929 (2017). https://doi.org/10.
3390/app7090929
38. K. Kita, D.W. Abraham, M.J. Gajek et al., Electric-field-control of magnetic anisotropy of
Co0.6Fe0.2B0.2/oxide stacks using reduced voltage. J. Appl. Phys. 112, 033919 (2012). https://
doi.org/10.1063/1.4745901
39. X. Li, G. Yu, H. Wu et al., Thermally stable voltage-controlled perpendicular magnetic
anisotropy in Mo|CoFeB|MgO structures. Appl. Phys. Lett. 107, 142403 (2015). https://doi.
org/10.1063/1.4932553
40. P.V. Ong, N. Kioussis, D. Odkhuu et al., Giant voltage modulation of magnetic anisotropy in
strained heavy metal/magnet/insulator heterostructures. Phys. Rev. B 92, 020407(R) (2015).
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.92.020407
41. S. Kanai, M. Tsujikawa, Y. Miura et al., Magnetic anisotropy in Ta/CoFeB/MgO investigated
by x-ray magnetic circular dichroism and first-principles calculation Magnetic anisotropy
in Ta/CoFeB/MgO investigated by x-ray magnetic circular dichroism and first-principles
calculation. Appl. Phys. Lett. 105, 222409 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4903296
42. T. Maruyama, Y. Shiota, T. Nozaki et al., Large voltage-induced magnetic anisotropy change
in a few atomic layers of iron. Nat. Nanotechnol. 4, 158–161 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1038/
nnano.2008.406
43. S. Zhang, Spin-dependent surface screening in ferromagnets and magnetic tunnel junctions.
Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 640–643 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.640
44. M. Zeng, J. Lourembam, S.T. Lim, Electric-field Effect on Magnetic Anisotropy of
MgO/CoFe/capping structures. J. Appl. Phys. 126, 153902 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1063/
1.5082610
45. K.H. He, J.S. Chen, Y.P. Feng, First principles study of the electric field effect on magnetization
and magnetic anisotropy of FeCo/MgO(001) thin film. Appl. Phys. Lett. 99, 072503 (2011).
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3626598
46. M.K. Niranjan, C.-G. Duan, S.S. Jaswal, E.Y. Tsymbal, Electric field effect on magnetization
at the Fe/MgO(001) interface. Appl Phys Lett 96, 222504 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.
3443658
47. X.W. Guan, X.M. Cheng, T. Huang et al., Effect of metal-to-metal interface states on the
electric-field modified magnetic anisotropy in MgO/Fe/non-magnetic metal. J. Appl. Phys .
119, 133905 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4945025
48. M. Tsujikawa, S. Haraguchi, T. Oda et al., A comparative ab initio study on electric-field
dependence of magnetic anisotropy in MgO/Fe/Pt and MgO/Fe/Au films. J. Appl. Phys. 109,
07C107 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3540677
49. M. Tsujikawa, S. Haraguchi, T. Oda, Effect of atomic monolayer insertions on electric-fieldinduced rotation of magnetic easy axis. J.. Appl. Phys. 111, 083910 (2012). https://doi.org/10.
1063/1.3703682
50. M. Zeng, J. Lourembam, L.S. Ter, Large electric field modulation of magnetic anisotropy
in MgO/CoFe/Ta structures with monolayer oxide insertion. Appl. Phys. Lett. 113, 192404
(2018). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5043443
51. M. Endo, S. Kanai, S. Ikeda et al., Electric-field effects on thickness dependent magnetic
anisotropy of sputtered MgO/Co 40 Fe 40 B 20 /Ta structures. Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 212503 (2010).
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3429592
52. Y. Lau, P. Sheng, S. Mitani et al., Electric field modulation of the non-linear areal magnetic
anisotropy energy in CoFeB/MgO. Appl. Phys. Lett. 110, 022405 (2017). https://doi.org/10.
1109/INTMAG.2017.8008024
53. F. Bonell, S. Murakami, Y. Shiota et al., Large change in perpendicular magnetic anisotropy
induced by an electric field in FePd ultrathin films. Appl Phys. Lett. 98, 232510 (2011). https://
doi.org/10.1063/1.3599492