38
Itoh M, Inoue J, Shimada K et al (2011) Acceleration of sea-ice melting
due to transmission of solar radiation through ponded ice area in
the Arctic Ocean: results of in situ observations from icebreakers in
2006 and 2007. Ann Glaciol 52:249–260
Ivanov VV, Alexeev VA, Repina I et al (2012) Tracing Atlantic water
signature in the Arctic Sea ice cover East of Svalbard. Adv Meteorol
2012:201818. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/201818
Jahn A, Tremblay B, Mysak LA et al (2010a) Effect of the large-scale
atmospheric circulation on the variability of the Arctic Ocean
freshwater export. Clim Dyn 34:201–222. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s00382-009-0558-z
Jahn A, Tremblay LB, Newton R et al (2010b) A tracer study of the
Arctic Ocean’s liquid freshwater export variability. J Geophys Res
115:C07015. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JC005873
Johannessen OM, Miles MW (2011) Critical vulnerabilities of marine
and sea ice – based ecosystems in the high Arctic. Reg Environ
Chang 11:S239–S248. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-010-0186-5
Jung T, Kasper MA, Semmler T et al (2014) Arctic influence on subseasonal midlatitude prediction. Geophys Res Lett 41:3676–3680.
https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL059961.1
Karcher M, Smith JN, Kauker F et al (2012) Recent changes in Arctic
Ocean circulation revealed by iodine-129 observations and modeling.
J Geophys Res 117:C08007. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JC007513
Koenigk T, Mikolajewicz U, Haak H et al (2007) Arctic freshwater
export in the 20th and 21st centuries. J Geophys Res 112:G04S41.
https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JG000274
Lang A, Yang S, Kaas E (2017) Sea ice thickness and recent
Arctic warming. Geophys Res Lett 44:409–418. https://doi.
org/10.1002/2016GL071274
Lenaerts JTM, Van Angelen JH, Van Den Broeke MR et al (2013)
Irreversible mass loss of Canadian Arctic archipelago glaciers.
Geophys Res Lett 40:870–874. https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50214
Levitus S, Antonov JI, Boyer TP et al (2012) World Ocean heat content
and thermosteric sea level change (0–2000 m), 1955–2010. Geophys
Res Lett 39:L10603. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL051106
Lindsay R, Schweiger A (2015) Arctic Sea ice thickness loss determined
using subsurface, aircraft, and satellite observations. Cryosphere
9:269–283. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-269-2015
Liu W, Xie S, Liu Z et al (2017) Overlooked possibility of a collapsed
Atlantic Meridional overturning circulation in warming climate. Sci
Adv 3:e1601666
Long Z, Perrie W (2015) Scenario changes of Atlantic water in the
Arctic Ocean. J Clim 28:5523–5548. https://doi.org/10.1175/
JCLI-D-14-00522.1
Mauritzen C, Melsom A, Sutton RT (2012) Importance of densitycompensated temperature change for deep North Atlantic Ocean
heat uptake. Nat Geosci 5:905–910. https://doi.org/10.1038/
ngeo1639
McBean G, Alekseev G, Chen D et al (2005) Arctic climate: past and
present. In: Arctic climate impact assessment. Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge, pp 22–60
McClelland JW, Déry SJ, Peterson BJ et al (2006) A pan-arctic
evaluation of changes in river discharge during the latter half
of the 20th century. Geophys Res Lett 33:L06715. https://doi.
org/10.1029/2006GL025753
McGeehan T, Maslowski W (2012) Evaluation and control mechanisms of volume and freshwater export through the Canadian Arctic
Archipelago in a high-resolution pan-Arctic ice-ocean model.
J Geophys Res 117:C00D14. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JC007261
Morison J, Kwok R, Peralta-Ferriz C et al (2012) Changing Arctic
Ocean freshwater pathways. Nature 481:66–70. https://doi.
org/10.1038/nature10705
Niederdrenk AL, Sein DV, Mikolajewicz U (2016) Interannual variability of the Arctic freshwater cycle in the second half of the twentieth
century in a regionally coupled climate model. Clim Dyn 47:3883–
3900. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-016-3047-1
Onarheim IH, Smedsrud LH, Ingvaldsen RB et al (2014) Loss of sea
ice during winter north of Svalbard. Tellus A 66:23933. https://doi.
org/10.3402/tellusa.v66.23933
Overeem I, Syvitski JPM (2010) Shifting discharge peaks in arctic rivers, 1977–2007. Geogr Ann 92A:285–296
Overland JE (2016) A difficult Arctic science issue: midlatitude
weather linkages. Pol Sci 10:210–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
polar.2016.04.011
Overland JE, Wang M (2013) When will the summer Arctic be
nearly sea ice free? Geophys Res Lett 40:2097–2101. https://doi.
org/10.1002/grl.50316
Oziel L, Sirven J, Gascard J (2016) The Barents Sea frontal zones
and water masses variability (1980–2011). Ocean Sci 12:169–184.
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-169-2016
Peterson BJ, Peterson BJ, Holmes RM et al (2002) Increasing river
discharge to the Arctic Ocean. Science 298:2171–2173. https://doi.
org/10.1126/science.1077445
Peterson I, Hamilton J, Prinsenberg S et al (2012) Wind-forcing of volume transport through Lancaster sound. J Geophys Res 117:C11018.
https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JC008140
Pistone K, Eisenman I, Ramanathan V (2014) Observational determination of albedo decrease caused by vanishing Arctic Sea ice.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 111:3322–3326. https://doi.org/10.1073/
pnas.1318201111
Pithan F, Mauritsen T (2014) Arctic amplification dominated by temperature feedbacks in contemporary climate models. Nat Geosci
7:181–184. https://doi.org/10.1038/NGEO2071
Polyakov IV, Johnson A (2000) Arctic decadal and interdecadal variability. Geophys Res Lett 27:4097–4100
Polyakov IV, Timokhov LA, Alexeev VA et al (2010) Arctic Ocean
warming contributes to reduced polar ice cap. J Phys Oceanogr
40:2743–2756. https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JPO4339.1
Polyakov IV, Walsh JE, Kwok R (2012) Recent changes of Arctic multiyear sea ice coverage and the likely causes. Bull Am Meteorol Soc
93:145–151. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00070.1
Polyakov IV, Pnyushkov AV, Rember R et al (2013) Winter convection transports Atlantic water heat to the surface layer in the
Eastern Arctic Ocean. J Phys Oceanogr 43:2142–2155. https://doi.
org/10.1175/JPO-D-12-0169.1
Polyakov IV, Pnyushkov AV, Alkire MB et al (2017) Greater role for
Atlantic inflows on sea-ice loss in the Eurasian Basin of the Arctic
Ocean. Science 356:285–291
Proshutinsky AY, Johnson MA (1997) Two circulation regimes of
the wind-driven Arctic Ocean between anticyclonic Gudkovich
and Nikiforov with a wind-driven hydraulic. J Geophys Res
102:493–514
Proshutinsky A, Bourke RH, Mclaughlin FA (2002) The role of
the Beaufort Gyre in Arctic climate variability: seasonal to
decadal climate scales. Geophys Res Lett 29:2100. https://doi.
org/10.1029/2002GL015847
Proshutinsky A, Krishfield R, Timmermans M et al (2009) Beaufort
Gyre freshwater reservoir: state and variability from observations.
J Geophys Res 114:C00A10. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JC005104
Proshutinsky A, Dukhovskoy D, Timmermans M et al (2015) Arctic
circulation regimes. Phil Trans R Soc A 373:20140160
Rabe B, Karcher M, Schauer U et al (2011) An assessment of Arctic
Ocean freshwater content changes from the 1990s to the 2006–
2008 period. Deep Res I 58:173–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
dsr.2010.12.002
Rabe B, Karcher M, Kauker F et al (2014) Arctic Ocean basin liquid
freshwater storage trend 1992–2012. Geophys Res Lett 41:961–
968. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GL058121
C. Campos and M. Horn
Itoh M, Inoue J, Shimada K et al (2011) Acceleration of sea-ice melting
due to transmission of solar radiation through ponded ice area in
the Arctic Ocean: results of in situ observations from icebreakers in
2006 and 2007. Ann Glaciol 52:249–260
Ivanov VV, Alexeev VA, Repina I et al (2012) Tracing Atlantic water
signature in the Arctic Sea ice cover East of Svalbard. Adv Meteorol
2012:201818. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/201818
Jahn A, Tremblay B, Mysak LA et al (2010a) Effect of the large-scale
atmospheric circulation on the variability of the Arctic Ocean
freshwater export. Clim Dyn 34:201–222. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s00382-009-0558-z
Jahn A, Tremblay LB, Newton R et al (2010b) A tracer study of the
Arctic Ocean’s liquid freshwater export variability. J Geophys Res
115:C07015. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JC005873
Johannessen OM, Miles MW (2011) Critical vulnerabilities of marine
and sea ice – based ecosystems in the high Arctic. Reg Environ
Chang 11:S239–S248. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-010-0186-5
Jung T, Kasper MA, Semmler T et al (2014) Arctic influence on subseasonal midlatitude prediction. Geophys Res Lett 41:3676–3680.
https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL059961.1
Karcher M, Smith JN, Kauker F et al (2012) Recent changes in Arctic
Ocean circulation revealed by iodine-129 observations and modeling.
J Geophys Res 117:C08007. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JC007513
Koenigk T, Mikolajewicz U, Haak H et al (2007) Arctic freshwater
export in the 20th and 21st centuries. J Geophys Res 112:G04S41.
https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JG000274
Lang A, Yang S, Kaas E (2017) Sea ice thickness and recent
Arctic warming. Geophys Res Lett 44:409–418. https://doi.
org/10.1002/2016GL071274
Lenaerts JTM, Van Angelen JH, Van Den Broeke MR et al (2013)
Irreversible mass loss of Canadian Arctic archipelago glaciers.
Geophys Res Lett 40:870–874. https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50214
Levitus S, Antonov JI, Boyer TP et al (2012) World Ocean heat content
and thermosteric sea level change (0–2000 m), 1955–2010. Geophys
Res Lett 39:L10603. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL051106
Lindsay R, Schweiger A (2015) Arctic Sea ice thickness loss determined
using subsurface, aircraft, and satellite observations. Cryosphere
9:269–283. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-269-2015
Liu W, Xie S, Liu Z et al (2017) Overlooked possibility of a collapsed
Atlantic Meridional overturning circulation in warming climate. Sci
Adv 3:e1601666
Long Z, Perrie W (2015) Scenario changes of Atlantic water in the
Arctic Ocean. J Clim 28:5523–5548. https://doi.org/10.1175/
JCLI-D-14-00522.1
Mauritzen C, Melsom A, Sutton RT (2012) Importance of densitycompensated temperature change for deep North Atlantic Ocean
heat uptake. Nat Geosci 5:905–910. https://doi.org/10.1038/
ngeo1639
McBean G, Alekseev G, Chen D et al (2005) Arctic climate: past and
present. In: Arctic climate impact assessment. Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge, pp 22–60
McClelland JW, Déry SJ, Peterson BJ et al (2006) A pan-arctic
evaluation of changes in river discharge during the latter half
of the 20th century. Geophys Res Lett 33:L06715. https://doi.
org/10.1029/2006GL025753
McGeehan T, Maslowski W (2012) Evaluation and control mechanisms of volume and freshwater export through the Canadian Arctic
Archipelago in a high-resolution pan-Arctic ice-ocean model.
J Geophys Res 117:C00D14. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JC007261
Morison J, Kwok R, Peralta-Ferriz C et al (2012) Changing Arctic
Ocean freshwater pathways. Nature 481:66–70. https://doi.
org/10.1038/nature10705
Niederdrenk AL, Sein DV, Mikolajewicz U (2016) Interannual variability of the Arctic freshwater cycle in the second half of the twentieth
century in a regionally coupled climate model. Clim Dyn 47:3883–
3900. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-016-3047-1
Onarheim IH, Smedsrud LH, Ingvaldsen RB et al (2014) Loss of sea
ice during winter north of Svalbard. Tellus A 66:23933. https://doi.
org/10.3402/tellusa.v66.23933
Overeem I, Syvitski JPM (2010) Shifting discharge peaks in arctic rivers, 1977–2007. Geogr Ann 92A:285–296
Overland JE (2016) A difficult Arctic science issue: midlatitude
weather linkages. Pol Sci 10:210–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
polar.2016.04.011
Overland JE, Wang M (2013) When will the summer Arctic be
nearly sea ice free? Geophys Res Lett 40:2097–2101. https://doi.
org/10.1002/grl.50316
Oziel L, Sirven J, Gascard J (2016) The Barents Sea frontal zones
and water masses variability (1980–2011). Ocean Sci 12:169–184.
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-169-2016
Peterson BJ, Peterson BJ, Holmes RM et al (2002) Increasing river
discharge to the Arctic Ocean. Science 298:2171–2173. https://doi.
org/10.1126/science.1077445
Peterson I, Hamilton J, Prinsenberg S et al (2012) Wind-forcing of volume transport through Lancaster sound. J Geophys Res 117:C11018.
https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JC008140
Pistone K, Eisenman I, Ramanathan V (2014) Observational determination of albedo decrease caused by vanishing Arctic Sea ice.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 111:3322–3326. https://doi.org/10.1073/
pnas.1318201111
Pithan F, Mauritsen T (2014) Arctic amplification dominated by temperature feedbacks in contemporary climate models. Nat Geosci
7:181–184. https://doi.org/10.1038/NGEO2071
Polyakov IV, Johnson A (2000) Arctic decadal and interdecadal variability. Geophys Res Lett 27:4097–4100
Polyakov IV, Timokhov LA, Alexeev VA et al (2010) Arctic Ocean
warming contributes to reduced polar ice cap. J Phys Oceanogr
40:2743–2756. https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JPO4339.1
Polyakov IV, Walsh JE, Kwok R (2012) Recent changes of Arctic multiyear sea ice coverage and the likely causes. Bull Am Meteorol Soc
93:145–151. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00070.1
Polyakov IV, Pnyushkov AV, Rember R et al (2013) Winter convection transports Atlantic water heat to the surface layer in the
Eastern Arctic Ocean. J Phys Oceanogr 43:2142–2155. https://doi.
org/10.1175/JPO-D-12-0169.1
Polyakov IV, Pnyushkov AV, Alkire MB et al (2017) Greater role for
Atlantic inflows on sea-ice loss in the Eurasian Basin of the Arctic
Ocean. Science 356:285–291
Proshutinsky AY, Johnson MA (1997) Two circulation regimes of
the wind-driven Arctic Ocean between anticyclonic Gudkovich
and Nikiforov with a wind-driven hydraulic. J Geophys Res
102:493–514
Proshutinsky A, Bourke RH, Mclaughlin FA (2002) The role of
the Beaufort Gyre in Arctic climate variability: seasonal to
decadal climate scales. Geophys Res Lett 29:2100. https://doi.
org/10.1029/2002GL015847
Proshutinsky A, Krishfield R, Timmermans M et al (2009) Beaufort
Gyre freshwater reservoir: state and variability from observations.
J Geophys Res 114:C00A10. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JC005104
Proshutinsky A, Dukhovskoy D, Timmermans M et al (2015) Arctic
circulation regimes. Phil Trans R Soc A 373:20140160
Rabe B, Karcher M, Schauer U et al (2011) An assessment of Arctic
Ocean freshwater content changes from the 1990s to the 2006–
2008 period. Deep Res I 58:173–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
dsr.2010.12.002
Rabe B, Karcher M, Kauker F et al (2014) Arctic Ocean basin liquid
freshwater storage trend 1992–2012. Geophys Res Lett 41:961–
968. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GL058121
C. Campos and M. Horn