39
Rahmstorf S (2007) Projecting future sea-level rise. Science
315:368–371
Rennermalm AK, Wood EF, Weaver AJ et al (2007) Relative sensitivity
of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation to river discharge
into Hudson Bay and the Arctic Ocean. J Geophys Res 112:G04S48.
https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JG000330
Rhein M, Kieke D, Hüttl-Kabus S et al (2011) Deep water formation,
the subpolar gyre, and the meridional overturning circulation in the
subpolar North Atlantic. Deep Res II 58:1819–1832. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.10.061
Riser SC, Freeland HJ, Roemmich D et al (2016) Fifteen years of ocean
observations with the global Argo array. Nat Clim Chang 6:145–
153. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2872
Rothrock DA, Percival DB, Wensnahan M (2008) The decline in Arctic
Sea-ice thickness: separating the spatial, annual, and interannual
variability in a quarter century of submarine data. J Geophys Res
113:C05003. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JC004252
Rudels B (2009) Arctic Ocean circulation. In: Steele JH, Turekian
KK, Thorpe SA (eds) Encyclopedia of ocean sciences, 2nd edn.
Academic, San Diego, pp 211–225
Rudels B, Schauer U, Björk G et al (2013) Observations of water masses
and circulation with focus on the Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean
from the 1990s to the late 2000s. Ocean Sci 9:147–169. https://doi.
org/10.5194/os-9-147-2013
Schaffer J, von Appen W-J, Dodd PA et al (2017) Warm water
pathways toward Nioghalvfjerdsfjorden Glacier, Northeast
Greenland. J Geophys Res Ocean 122:4004–4020. https://doi.
org/10.1002/2016JC012264.Received
Schauer U, Beszczynska-Möller A (2009) Problems with estimation
and interpretation of oceanic heat transport – conceptual remarks
for the case of Fram Strait in the Arctic Ocean. Ocean Sci 5:487–
494. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-5-487-2009
Schauer U, Loeng H, Rudels B et al (2002) Atlantic water flow through
the Barents and Kara Seas. Deep Sea Res I 49:2281–2298
Schauer U, Beszczynska-Möller A, Walczowski W et al (2008)
Variation of measured heat flow through the Fram Strait between
1997 and 2006. In: Dickson B, Meincke J, Rhines P (eds) Arcticsubarctic ocean fluxes. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 65–85
Semmler T, Stulic L, Jung T et al (2016) Seasonal atmospheric
responses to reduced Arctic Sea ice in an ensemble of coupled
model simulations. J Clim 29:5893–5913. https://doi.org/10.1175/
JCLI-D-15-0586.1
Serreze MC, Barry RG (2011) Processes and impacts of Arctic amplification: a research synthesis. Glob Planet Chang 77:85–96. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.03.004
Serreze MC, Barry RG (2014) The Arctic climate system, 2nd edn.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Serreze MC, Francis JA (2006) The arctic amplification debate. Clim
Chang 76:241–264. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-005-9017-y
Serreze MC, Barrett AP, Slater AG et al (2006) The large-scale freshwater cycle of the Arctic. J Geophys Res 111:C11010. https://doi.
org/10.1029/2005JC003424
Serreze MC, Barrett AP, Slater AG et al (2007) The large-scale energy
budget of the Arctic. J Geophys Res 112:D11122. https://doi.
org/10.1029/2006JD008230
Serreze MC, Barrett AP, Stroeve JC et al (2009) The emergence of
surface- based Arctic amplification. Cryosphere 3:11–19
Slagstad D, Wassmann PFJ, Ellingsen I (2015) Physical constrains and
productivity in the future Arctic Ocean. Front Mar Sci 2:85. https://
doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2015.00085
Smedsrud LH, Ingvaldsen R, Environmental N et al (2010) Heat in
the Barents Sea: transport, storage, and surface fluxes. Ocean Sci
6:219–234
Smedsrud LH, Esau I, Ingvaldsen RB et al (2013) The role of the
Barents Sea in the Arctic climate system. Rev Geophys 51:415–449.
https://doi.org/10.1002/rog.20017.1.INTRODUCTION
Smedsrud LH, Halvorsen MH, Stroeve JC et al (2017) Fram Strait
sea ice export variability and September Arctic Sea ice extent over
the last 80 years. Cryosphere 11:65–79. https://doi.org/10.5194/
tc-11-65-2017
Stroeve J, Holland MM, Meier W et al (2007) Arctic Sea ice decline:
faster than forecast. Geophys Res Lett 34:L09501. https://doi.
org/10.1029/2007GL029703
Stroeve JC, Serreze MC, Holland MM et al (2012) The Arctic’s rapidly shrinking sea ice cover: a research synthesis. Clim Chang
110:1005–1027. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0101-1
Suo L, Gao Y, Guo D et al (2017) Sea-ice free Arctic contributes to
the projected warming minimum in the North Atlantic. Environ Res
Lett 12:074004. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa6a5e
Swingedouw D, Mignot J, Braconnot P et al (2009) Impact of freshwater release in the North Atlantic under different climate conditions
in an OAGCM. J Clim 22:6377–6403. https://doi.org/10.1175/200
9JCLI3028.1
Talley LD, Pickard GL, Emery WJ et al (2011) Descriptive physical
oceanography: an introduction, 6th edn. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Taylor FW (2009) Elementary climate physics. Oxford University
Press, Oxford
Taylor PC, Cai M, Hu A et al (2013) A decomposition of feedback contributions to polar warming amplification. J Clim 26:7023–7043.
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00696.1
Thomas DN, Dieckmann GS (2010) Sea ice, 2nd edn. Wiley-Blackwell,
Oxford
Thompson DWJ, Wallace JM (1998) The Arctic oscillation signature in
the wintertime geopotential height and temperature fields. Geophys
Res Lett 25:1297–1300
Thyng BKM, Greene CA, Hetland RD et al (2016) True colors of
oceanography: guidelines for effective and accurate colormap selection. Oceanography 29:9–13
Timmermans M-L (2015) The impact of stored solar heat on Arctic
Sea ice growth. Geophys Res Lett 42:6399–6406. https://doi.
org/10.1002/2015GL064541.Abstract
Tomczak M, Godfrey JS (1994) Regional oceanography: an introduction, 1st edn. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Tsubouchi T, Bacon S, Garabato ACN et al (2012) The Arctic Ocean in
summer: a quasi-synoptic inverse estimate of boundary fluxes and
water mass transformation. J Geophys Res 117:C01024. https://doi.
org/10.1029/2011JC007174
Turner J, Marshall GJ (2011) Climate change in the polar regions.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
van den Broeke MR, Bamber JL, Ettema J et al (2009) Partitioning
recent greenland mass loss. Science 326:984–986
Velicogna I (2009) Increasing rates of ice mass loss from the Greenland
and Antarctic ice sheets revealed by GRACE. Geophys Res Lett
36:L19503. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL040222
Vihma T (2014) Effects of Arctic Sea ice decline on weather and
climate: a review. Surv Geophys 35:1175–1214. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s10712-014-9284-0
Wang M, Overland JE (2009) A sea ice free summer Arctic
within 30 years? Geophys Res Lett 36:L07502. https://doi.
org/10.1029/2009GL037820
Wekerle C, Wang Q, Danilov S et al (2013) The Canadian Arctic
Archipelago throughflow in a multiresolution global model: model
assessment and the driving mechanism of interannual variability.
J Geophys Res 118:4525–4541. https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrc.20330
Winton M (2008) Sea Ice – Albedo feedback and nonlinear Arctic
climate change. In: ET DW, Bitz CM, Tremblay L-B (eds) Arctic
The Physical System of the Arctic Ocean and Subarctic Seas in a Changing Climate
Rahmstorf S (2007) Projecting future sea-level rise. Science
315:368–371
Rennermalm AK, Wood EF, Weaver AJ et al (2007) Relative sensitivity
of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation to river discharge
into Hudson Bay and the Arctic Ocean. J Geophys Res 112:G04S48.
https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JG000330
Rhein M, Kieke D, Hüttl-Kabus S et al (2011) Deep water formation,
the subpolar gyre, and the meridional overturning circulation in the
subpolar North Atlantic. Deep Res II 58:1819–1832. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.10.061
Riser SC, Freeland HJ, Roemmich D et al (2016) Fifteen years of ocean
observations with the global Argo array. Nat Clim Chang 6:145–
153. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2872
Rothrock DA, Percival DB, Wensnahan M (2008) The decline in Arctic
Sea-ice thickness: separating the spatial, annual, and interannual
variability in a quarter century of submarine data. J Geophys Res
113:C05003. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JC004252
Rudels B (2009) Arctic Ocean circulation. In: Steele JH, Turekian
KK, Thorpe SA (eds) Encyclopedia of ocean sciences, 2nd edn.
Academic, San Diego, pp 211–225
Rudels B, Schauer U, Björk G et al (2013) Observations of water masses
and circulation with focus on the Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean
from the 1990s to the late 2000s. Ocean Sci 9:147–169. https://doi.
org/10.5194/os-9-147-2013
Schaffer J, von Appen W-J, Dodd PA et al (2017) Warm water
pathways toward Nioghalvfjerdsfjorden Glacier, Northeast
Greenland. J Geophys Res Ocean 122:4004–4020. https://doi.
org/10.1002/2016JC012264.Received
Schauer U, Beszczynska-Möller A (2009) Problems with estimation
and interpretation of oceanic heat transport – conceptual remarks
for the case of Fram Strait in the Arctic Ocean. Ocean Sci 5:487–
494. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-5-487-2009
Schauer U, Loeng H, Rudels B et al (2002) Atlantic water flow through
the Barents and Kara Seas. Deep Sea Res I 49:2281–2298
Schauer U, Beszczynska-Möller A, Walczowski W et al (2008)
Variation of measured heat flow through the Fram Strait between
1997 and 2006. In: Dickson B, Meincke J, Rhines P (eds) Arcticsubarctic ocean fluxes. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 65–85
Semmler T, Stulic L, Jung T et al (2016) Seasonal atmospheric
responses to reduced Arctic Sea ice in an ensemble of coupled
model simulations. J Clim 29:5893–5913. https://doi.org/10.1175/
JCLI-D-15-0586.1
Serreze MC, Barry RG (2011) Processes and impacts of Arctic amplification: a research synthesis. Glob Planet Chang 77:85–96. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.03.004
Serreze MC, Barry RG (2014) The Arctic climate system, 2nd edn.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Serreze MC, Francis JA (2006) The arctic amplification debate. Clim
Chang 76:241–264. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-005-9017-y
Serreze MC, Barrett AP, Slater AG et al (2006) The large-scale freshwater cycle of the Arctic. J Geophys Res 111:C11010. https://doi.
org/10.1029/2005JC003424
Serreze MC, Barrett AP, Slater AG et al (2007) The large-scale energy
budget of the Arctic. J Geophys Res 112:D11122. https://doi.
org/10.1029/2006JD008230
Serreze MC, Barrett AP, Stroeve JC et al (2009) The emergence of
surface- based Arctic amplification. Cryosphere 3:11–19
Slagstad D, Wassmann PFJ, Ellingsen I (2015) Physical constrains and
productivity in the future Arctic Ocean. Front Mar Sci 2:85. https://
doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2015.00085
Smedsrud LH, Ingvaldsen R, Environmental N et al (2010) Heat in
the Barents Sea: transport, storage, and surface fluxes. Ocean Sci
6:219–234
Smedsrud LH, Esau I, Ingvaldsen RB et al (2013) The role of the
Barents Sea in the Arctic climate system. Rev Geophys 51:415–449.
https://doi.org/10.1002/rog.20017.1.INTRODUCTION
Smedsrud LH, Halvorsen MH, Stroeve JC et al (2017) Fram Strait
sea ice export variability and September Arctic Sea ice extent over
the last 80 years. Cryosphere 11:65–79. https://doi.org/10.5194/
tc-11-65-2017
Stroeve J, Holland MM, Meier W et al (2007) Arctic Sea ice decline:
faster than forecast. Geophys Res Lett 34:L09501. https://doi.
org/10.1029/2007GL029703
Stroeve JC, Serreze MC, Holland MM et al (2012) The Arctic’s rapidly shrinking sea ice cover: a research synthesis. Clim Chang
110:1005–1027. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0101-1
Suo L, Gao Y, Guo D et al (2017) Sea-ice free Arctic contributes to
the projected warming minimum in the North Atlantic. Environ Res
Lett 12:074004. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa6a5e
Swingedouw D, Mignot J, Braconnot P et al (2009) Impact of freshwater release in the North Atlantic under different climate conditions
in an OAGCM. J Clim 22:6377–6403. https://doi.org/10.1175/200
9JCLI3028.1
Talley LD, Pickard GL, Emery WJ et al (2011) Descriptive physical
oceanography: an introduction, 6th edn. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Taylor FW (2009) Elementary climate physics. Oxford University
Press, Oxford
Taylor PC, Cai M, Hu A et al (2013) A decomposition of feedback contributions to polar warming amplification. J Clim 26:7023–7043.
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00696.1
Thomas DN, Dieckmann GS (2010) Sea ice, 2nd edn. Wiley-Blackwell,
Oxford
Thompson DWJ, Wallace JM (1998) The Arctic oscillation signature in
the wintertime geopotential height and temperature fields. Geophys
Res Lett 25:1297–1300
Thyng BKM, Greene CA, Hetland RD et al (2016) True colors of
oceanography: guidelines for effective and accurate colormap selection. Oceanography 29:9–13
Timmermans M-L (2015) The impact of stored solar heat on Arctic
Sea ice growth. Geophys Res Lett 42:6399–6406. https://doi.
org/10.1002/2015GL064541.Abstract
Tomczak M, Godfrey JS (1994) Regional oceanography: an introduction, 1st edn. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Tsubouchi T, Bacon S, Garabato ACN et al (2012) The Arctic Ocean in
summer: a quasi-synoptic inverse estimate of boundary fluxes and
water mass transformation. J Geophys Res 117:C01024. https://doi.
org/10.1029/2011JC007174
Turner J, Marshall GJ (2011) Climate change in the polar regions.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
van den Broeke MR, Bamber JL, Ettema J et al (2009) Partitioning
recent greenland mass loss. Science 326:984–986
Velicogna I (2009) Increasing rates of ice mass loss from the Greenland
and Antarctic ice sheets revealed by GRACE. Geophys Res Lett
36:L19503. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL040222
Vihma T (2014) Effects of Arctic Sea ice decline on weather and
climate: a review. Surv Geophys 35:1175–1214. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s10712-014-9284-0
Wang M, Overland JE (2009) A sea ice free summer Arctic
within 30 years? Geophys Res Lett 36:L07502. https://doi.
org/10.1029/2009GL037820
Wekerle C, Wang Q, Danilov S et al (2013) The Canadian Arctic
Archipelago throughflow in a multiresolution global model: model
assessment and the driving mechanism of interannual variability.
J Geophys Res 118:4525–4541. https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrc.20330
Winton M (2008) Sea Ice – Albedo feedback and nonlinear Arctic
climate change. In: ET DW, Bitz CM, Tremblay L-B (eds) Arctic
The Physical System of the Arctic Ocean and Subarctic Seas in a Changing Climate