37
session can be found in the appendix “Conference
Sessions and Abstracts”, chapter “2 The Physics of the
Arctic and Subarctic Oceans in a Changing Climate”, of
this book.
References
Aagard K, Carmack EC (1989) The role of sea ice and other fresh water
in the Arctic circulation. J Geophys Res 94:14485–14498. https://
doi.org/10.1029/JC094iC10p14485
ACIA (Arctic Climate Impact Assessment) (2004) Impacts of a warming arctic. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
AMAP (Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme) (2012)
Changes in Arctic snow, water, ice and permafrost. SWIPA 2011
Overview Report. Arctic Climate Issues 2011
Årthun M, Eldevik T, Smedsrud LH et al (2012) Quantifying the influence of Atlantic heat on Barents Sea ice variability and retreat.
J Clim 25:4736–4743. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00466.1
Arzel O, Fichefet T, Goosse H et al (2008) Causes and impacts of
changes in the Arctic freshwater budget during the twentieth and
twenty-first centuries in an AOGCM. Clim Dyn 30:37–58. https://
doi.org/10.1007/s00382-007-0258-5
Bacon S, Aksenov Y, Fawcett S et al (2015) Arctic mass, freshwater and
heat fluxes: methods and modelled seasonal variability. Phil Trans R
Soc A 373:20140169. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0169
Bader J, Mesquita MDS, Hodges KI et al (2011) A review on Northern
Hemisphere sea-ice, storminess and the North Atlantic oscillation:
observations and projected changes. Atmos Res 101:809–834.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2011.04.007
Bamber J, Van Den Broeke M, Ettema J et al (2012) Recent large
increases in freshwater fluxes from Greenland into the North Atlantic.
Geophys Res Lett 39:8–11. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL052552
Barnes EA, Screen JA (2015) The impact of Arctic warming on the
midlatitude jet-stream: can it? has it? Will it? WIREs Clim Chang
6:277–286. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.337
Bates NR, Mathis JT (2009) The Arctic Ocean marine carbon cycle:
evaluation of air-sea CO 2 exchanges, ocean acidification impacts
and potential feedbacks. Biogeosciences 6:2433–2459
Behrens E, Biastoch A, Böning CW (2013) Spurious AMOC trends
in global ocean sea-ice models related to subarctic freshwater forcing. Ocean Model 69:39–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
ocemod.2013.05.004
Beszczynska-Möller A, Fahrbach E, Schauer U et al (2012) Variability
in Atlantic water temperature and transport at the entrance to the
Arctic Ocean, 1997–2010. ICES J Mar Sci 69:852–863. https://doi.
org/10.1093/icesjms/fss056
Böning CW, Behrens E, Biastoch A et al (2016) Emerging impact of
Greenland meltwater on deepwater formation in the North Atlantic
Ocean. Nat Geosci 9:523–527. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2740
Bönisch G, Schlosser P (1995) Deep water formation and exchange
rates in the Greenland/ Norwegian Seas and the Eurasian Basin
of the Arctic Ocean derived from tracer balances. Prog Oceanogr
35:29–52
Boyer T, Levitus S, Antonov J et al (2007) Changes in freshwater content in the North Atlantic Ocean 1955–2006. Geophys Res Lett
34:L16603. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL030126
Budikova D (2009) Role of Arctic Sea ice in global atmospheric circulation: a review. Glob Planet Chang 68:149–163. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2009.04.001
Cai W-J, Chen L, Chen B et al (2010) Decrease in the CO 2 uptake
capacity in an ice-free Arctic Ocean Basin. Science 329:556–559.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1189338
Carmack E, Polyakov IV, Padman L et al (2015) The increaing role
of oceanic heat in sea ice loss in the new Arctic. Am Meteorol Soc
96:2079–2106. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00177.1
Cohen J, Screen JA, Furtado JC et al (2014) Recent Arctic amplification
and extreme mid-latitude weather. Nat Geosci 7:627–637. https://
doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2234
Comiso JC, Parkinson CL, Gersten R et al (2008) Accelerated decline
in the Arctic Sea ice cover. Geophys Res Lett 35:L01703. https://
doi.org/10.1029/2007GL031972
Curry R, Mauritzen C (2005) Dilution of the northern North Atlantic
Ocean in recent decades. Science 308:1772–1774. https://doi.
org/10.1126/science.1109477
Déry SJ, Wood EF (2005) Decreasing river discharge in northern Canada. Geophys Res Lett 32:L10401. https://doi.
org/10.1029/2005GL022845
Deser C, Tomas R, Sun L (2014) The role of ocean – atmosphere coupling in the zonal-mean atmospheric response to Arctic Sea ice loss.
J Clim 28:2168–2186. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00325.1
Fetterer F, Knowles K, Meier W et al (2016, updated daily) Sea Ice
Index, Version 2. Boulder, Colorado USA. NSIDC: National Snow
and Ice Data Center. https://doi.org/10.7265/N5736NV7
Fichot CG, Kaiser K, Hooker SB et al (2013) Pan-Arctic distributions
of continental runoff in the Arctic Ocean. Sci Rep 3:1053. https://
doi.org/10.1038/srep01053
Gardner AS, Moholdt G, Wouters B et al (2011) Sharply increased mass
loss from glaciers and ice caps in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago.
Nature 473:357–360. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10089
Giles KA, Laxon SW, Ridout AL et al (2012) Western Arctic Ocean
freshwater storage increased by wind-driven spin-up of the Beaufort
Gyre. Nat Geosci 5:194–197. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1379
Haak H, Jungclaus J, Mikolajevicz U et al (2003) Formation and propagation of great salinity anomalies. Geophys Res Lett 30:1473.
https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL017065
Haine TWN, Curry B, Gerdes R et al (2015) Arctic freshwater export:
status, mechanisms, and prospects. Glob Planet Chang 125:13–35.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2014.11.013
Häkkinen S (1999) A simulation of Thermohaline effects of a great
salinity anomaly. J Clim 12:1781–1795
Hanna E, Cropper TE, Hall RJ et al (2016) Greenland blocking index
1851–2015: a regional climate change signal. Int J Climatol
36:4847–4861. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4673
Holland MM, Finnis J, Barrett AP et al (2007) Projected changes in
Arctic Ocean freshwater budgets. J Geophys Res 112:G04S55.
https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JG000354
Holland PR, Jenkins A, Holland DM (2008) The response of ice shelf
basal melting to variations in ocean temperature. J Clim 21:2558–
2572. https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JCLI1909.1
Holliday NP, Hughes SL, Bacon S et al (2008) Reversal of the
1960s to 1990s freshening trend in the Northeast North Atlantic
and Nordic Seas. Geophys Res Lett 35:L03614. https://doi.
org/10.1029/2007GL032675
Huntington TG (2006) Evidence for intensification of the global
water cycle: review and synthesis. J Hydrol 319:83–95. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.07.003
Ionita M, Scholz P, Lohmann G et al (2016) Linkages between atmospheric blocking, sea ice export through Fram Strait and the Atlantic
Meridional overturning circulation. Sci Rep 6:32881. https://doi.
org/10.1038/srep32881
IPCC (2014) Climate change 2014: synthesis report. Contribution of
working groups I, II and III to the fifth assessment report of the
intergovernmental panel on climate change. IPCC, Geneva
Itkin P, Kracher M, Gerdes R (2014) Is weaker Arctic Sea ice changing
the Atlantic water circulation? J Geophys Res Oceans 119:5992–
6009. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JC009633
The Physical System of the Arctic Ocean and Subarctic Seas in a Changing Climate
session can be found in the appendix “Conference
Sessions and Abstracts”, chapter “2 The Physics of the
Arctic and Subarctic Oceans in a Changing Climate”, of
this book.
References
Aagard K, Carmack EC (1989) The role of sea ice and other fresh water
in the Arctic circulation. J Geophys Res 94:14485–14498. https://
doi.org/10.1029/JC094iC10p14485
ACIA (Arctic Climate Impact Assessment) (2004) Impacts of a warming arctic. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
AMAP (Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme) (2012)
Changes in Arctic snow, water, ice and permafrost. SWIPA 2011
Overview Report. Arctic Climate Issues 2011
Årthun M, Eldevik T, Smedsrud LH et al (2012) Quantifying the influence of Atlantic heat on Barents Sea ice variability and retreat.
J Clim 25:4736–4743. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00466.1
Arzel O, Fichefet T, Goosse H et al (2008) Causes and impacts of
changes in the Arctic freshwater budget during the twentieth and
twenty-first centuries in an AOGCM. Clim Dyn 30:37–58. https://
doi.org/10.1007/s00382-007-0258-5
Bacon S, Aksenov Y, Fawcett S et al (2015) Arctic mass, freshwater and
heat fluxes: methods and modelled seasonal variability. Phil Trans R
Soc A 373:20140169. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0169
Bader J, Mesquita MDS, Hodges KI et al (2011) A review on Northern
Hemisphere sea-ice, storminess and the North Atlantic oscillation:
observations and projected changes. Atmos Res 101:809–834.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2011.04.007
Bamber J, Van Den Broeke M, Ettema J et al (2012) Recent large
increases in freshwater fluxes from Greenland into the North Atlantic.
Geophys Res Lett 39:8–11. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL052552
Barnes EA, Screen JA (2015) The impact of Arctic warming on the
midlatitude jet-stream: can it? has it? Will it? WIREs Clim Chang
6:277–286. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.337
Bates NR, Mathis JT (2009) The Arctic Ocean marine carbon cycle:
evaluation of air-sea CO 2 exchanges, ocean acidification impacts
and potential feedbacks. Biogeosciences 6:2433–2459
Behrens E, Biastoch A, Böning CW (2013) Spurious AMOC trends
in global ocean sea-ice models related to subarctic freshwater forcing. Ocean Model 69:39–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
ocemod.2013.05.004
Beszczynska-Möller A, Fahrbach E, Schauer U et al (2012) Variability
in Atlantic water temperature and transport at the entrance to the
Arctic Ocean, 1997–2010. ICES J Mar Sci 69:852–863. https://doi.
org/10.1093/icesjms/fss056
Böning CW, Behrens E, Biastoch A et al (2016) Emerging impact of
Greenland meltwater on deepwater formation in the North Atlantic
Ocean. Nat Geosci 9:523–527. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2740
Bönisch G, Schlosser P (1995) Deep water formation and exchange
rates in the Greenland/ Norwegian Seas and the Eurasian Basin
of the Arctic Ocean derived from tracer balances. Prog Oceanogr
35:29–52
Boyer T, Levitus S, Antonov J et al (2007) Changes in freshwater content in the North Atlantic Ocean 1955–2006. Geophys Res Lett
34:L16603. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL030126
Budikova D (2009) Role of Arctic Sea ice in global atmospheric circulation: a review. Glob Planet Chang 68:149–163. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2009.04.001
Cai W-J, Chen L, Chen B et al (2010) Decrease in the CO 2 uptake
capacity in an ice-free Arctic Ocean Basin. Science 329:556–559.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1189338
Carmack E, Polyakov IV, Padman L et al (2015) The increaing role
of oceanic heat in sea ice loss in the new Arctic. Am Meteorol Soc
96:2079–2106. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00177.1
Cohen J, Screen JA, Furtado JC et al (2014) Recent Arctic amplification
and extreme mid-latitude weather. Nat Geosci 7:627–637. https://
doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2234
Comiso JC, Parkinson CL, Gersten R et al (2008) Accelerated decline
in the Arctic Sea ice cover. Geophys Res Lett 35:L01703. https://
doi.org/10.1029/2007GL031972
Curry R, Mauritzen C (2005) Dilution of the northern North Atlantic
Ocean in recent decades. Science 308:1772–1774. https://doi.
org/10.1126/science.1109477
Déry SJ, Wood EF (2005) Decreasing river discharge in northern Canada. Geophys Res Lett 32:L10401. https://doi.
org/10.1029/2005GL022845
Deser C, Tomas R, Sun L (2014) The role of ocean – atmosphere coupling in the zonal-mean atmospheric response to Arctic Sea ice loss.
J Clim 28:2168–2186. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00325.1
Fetterer F, Knowles K, Meier W et al (2016, updated daily) Sea Ice
Index, Version 2. Boulder, Colorado USA. NSIDC: National Snow
and Ice Data Center. https://doi.org/10.7265/N5736NV7
Fichot CG, Kaiser K, Hooker SB et al (2013) Pan-Arctic distributions
of continental runoff in the Arctic Ocean. Sci Rep 3:1053. https://
doi.org/10.1038/srep01053
Gardner AS, Moholdt G, Wouters B et al (2011) Sharply increased mass
loss from glaciers and ice caps in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago.
Nature 473:357–360. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10089
Giles KA, Laxon SW, Ridout AL et al (2012) Western Arctic Ocean
freshwater storage increased by wind-driven spin-up of the Beaufort
Gyre. Nat Geosci 5:194–197. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1379
Haak H, Jungclaus J, Mikolajevicz U et al (2003) Formation and propagation of great salinity anomalies. Geophys Res Lett 30:1473.
https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL017065
Haine TWN, Curry B, Gerdes R et al (2015) Arctic freshwater export:
status, mechanisms, and prospects. Glob Planet Chang 125:13–35.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2014.11.013
Häkkinen S (1999) A simulation of Thermohaline effects of a great
salinity anomaly. J Clim 12:1781–1795
Hanna E, Cropper TE, Hall RJ et al (2016) Greenland blocking index
1851–2015: a regional climate change signal. Int J Climatol
36:4847–4861. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4673
Holland MM, Finnis J, Barrett AP et al (2007) Projected changes in
Arctic Ocean freshwater budgets. J Geophys Res 112:G04S55.
https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JG000354
Holland PR, Jenkins A, Holland DM (2008) The response of ice shelf
basal melting to variations in ocean temperature. J Clim 21:2558–
2572. https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JCLI1909.1
Holliday NP, Hughes SL, Bacon S et al (2008) Reversal of the
1960s to 1990s freshening trend in the Northeast North Atlantic
and Nordic Seas. Geophys Res Lett 35:L03614. https://doi.
org/10.1029/2007GL032675
Huntington TG (2006) Evidence for intensification of the global
water cycle: review and synthesis. J Hydrol 319:83–95. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.07.003
Ionita M, Scholz P, Lohmann G et al (2016) Linkages between atmospheric blocking, sea ice export through Fram Strait and the Atlantic
Meridional overturning circulation. Sci Rep 6:32881. https://doi.
org/10.1038/srep32881
IPCC (2014) Climate change 2014: synthesis report. Contribution of
working groups I, II and III to the fifth assessment report of the
intergovernmental panel on climate change. IPCC, Geneva
Itkin P, Kracher M, Gerdes R (2014) Is weaker Arctic Sea ice changing
the Atlantic water circulation? J Geophys Res Oceans 119:5992–
6009. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JC009633
The Physical System of the Arctic Ocean and Subarctic Seas in a Changing Climate