192
mercial and wild types. Mar Pollut Bull 85:146–155. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.06.006
Dehaut A, Cassone A-L, Frère L et al (2016) Microplastics in seafood: benchmark protocol for their extraction and characterization. Environ Pollut 215:223–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
envpol.2016.05.018
Dekiff JH, Remy D, Klasmeier J et al (2014) Occurrence and spatial
distribution of microplastics in sediments from Norderney. Environ
Pollut 186:248–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.11.019
Desforges J-PW, Galbraith M, Dangerfield N et al (2014) Widespread
distribution of microplastics in subsurface seawater in the NE
Pacific Ocean. Mar Pollut Bull 79:94–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
marpolbul.2013.12.035
Doyle MJ, Watson W, Bowlin NM et al (2011) Plastic particles in coastal
pelagic ecosystems of the Northeast Pacific Ocean. Mar Environ
Res 71:41–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2010.10.001
Dubaish F, Liebezeit G (2013) Suspended microplastics and black carbon particles in the jade system, southern North Sea. Water Air Soil
Pollut 224:1352–1359. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-012-1352-9
Duis K, Coors A (2016) Microplastics in the aquatic and terrestrial
environment: sources (with a specific focus on personal care products), fate and effects. Environ Sci Eur 28:2
Dümichen E, Barthel A-K, Braun U et al (2015) Analysis of polyethylene microplastics in environmental samples, using a thermal decomposition method. Water Res 85:451–457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
watres.2015.09.002
Dümichen E, Eisentraut P, Bannick CG et al (2017) Fast identification of microplastics in complex environmental samples by a thermal degradation method. Chemosphere 174:572–584. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.02.010
Edson EC, Patterson MR (2015) MantaRay: a novel autonomous sampling instrument for in situ measurements of environmental microplastic particle concentrations. Paper presented at the OCEANS
2015 – MTS/IEEE Washington, DC, pp 19–22 Oct 2015
Elert AM, Becker R, Duemichen E et al (2017) Comparison of different methods for MP detection: what can we learn from them,
and why asking the right question before measurements matters? Environ Pollut 231:1256–1264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
envpol.2017.08.074
Enders K, Lenz R, Stedmon CA et al (2015) Abundance, size and polymer composition of marine microplastics ≥ 10 μm in the Atlantic
Ocean and their modelled vertical distribution. Mar Pollut Bull
100:70–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.09.027
Eriksen M, Mason S, Wilson S et al (2013) Microplastic pollution in
the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes. Mar Pollut Bull
77:177–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.10.007
Erni-Cassola G, Gibson MI, Thompson RC et al (2017) Lost, but found
with Nile red: a novel method for detecting and quantifying small
microplastics (1 mm to 20 μm) in environmental samples. Environ
Sci Technol. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b04512
Espinosa C, Esteban MÁ, Cuesta A (2016) Microplastics in aquatic
environments and their toxicological implications for fish. In:
Soloneski S, Larramendy ML (eds) Toxicology – new aspects to
this scientific conundrum. InTech, Rijeka, pp 113–145. https://doi.
org/10.5772/64815
Farrell P, Nelson K (2013) Trophic level transfer of microplastic:
Mytilus edulis (L.) to Carcinus maenas (L.). Environ Pollut 177:1–
3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.01.046
Filella M (2015) Questions of size and numbers in environmental
research on microplastics: methodological and conceptual aspects.
Environ Chem 12:527–538. https://doi.org/10.1071/EN15012
Fischer M, Scholz-Böttcher BM (2017) Simultaneous trace identification and quantification of common types of microplastics in
environmental samples by pyrolysis-gas chromatography–mass
spectrometry. Environ Sci Technol 51:5052–5060. https://doi.
org/10.1021/acs.est.6b06362
Fischer D, Kaeppler A, Eichhorn K-J (2015) Identification of microplastics in the marine environment by Raman microspectroscopy
and imaging. Am Lab 47:32–34
Fisner M, Majer AP, Balthazar-Silva D et al (2017) Quantifying microplastic pollution on sandy beaches: the conundrum of large sample variability and spatial heterogeneity. Environ Sci Pollut Res
24:13732–13740. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-8883-y
Foekema EM, De Gruijter C, Mergia MT et al (2013) Plastic in
North Sea fish. Environ Sci Technol 47:8818–8824. https://doi.
org/10.1021/es400931b
Frère L, Paul-Pont I, Moreau J et al (2016) A semi-automated Raman
micro-spectroscopy method for morphological and chemical characterizations of microplastic litter. Mar Pollut Bull 113:461–468.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.10.051
Fries E, Dekiff JH, Willmeyer J et al (2013) Identification of polymer types and additives in marine microplastic particles using
pyrolysis- GC/MS and scanning electron microscopy. Environ
Sci Processes Impact 15:1949–1956. https://doi.org/10.1039/
C3EM00214D
Gall SC, Thompson RC (2015) The impact of debris on marine
life. Mar Pollut Bull 92:170–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
marpolbul.2014.12.041
GESAMP (2015) Sources, fate and effects of microplastics in the
marine environment: a global assessment. In: Kershaw PJ (ed)
(IMO/FAO/UNESCO-IOC/UNIDO/WMO/IAEA/UN/UNEP/
UNDP Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine
Environmental Protection). Rep. Stud. GESAMP No. 90
GESAMP (2016) Sources, fate and effects of microplastics in the
marine environment: part two of a global assessment. In: Kershaw
PJ, Rochmann CM (eds) (IMO/FAO/UNESCO-IOC/UNIDO/
WMO/IAEA/UN/UNEP/UNDP Joint Group of Experts on the
Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection). Rep. Stud.
GESAMP No. 93
Goldstein MC, Titmus AJ, Ford M (2013) Scales of spatial heterogeneity of plastic marine debris in the Northeast Pacific Ocean. PLoS
One 8:e80020. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0080020
Hammer J, Kraak MHS, Parsons JR (2012) Plastics in the marine environment: the dark side of a modern gift. In: Whitacre DM (ed) Reviews
of environmental contamination and toxicology, vol 220. Springer,
New York, pp 1–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3414-6_1
Hanke G, Galgani F, Werner S et al (2013) MSFD GES technical
subgroup on marine litter. Guidance on Monitoring of marine
litter in European Seas European Commission. https://doi.
org/10.2788/99475
Hanvey JS, Lewis PJ, Lavers JL et al (2017) A review of analytical techniques for quantifying microplastics in sediments. Anal Methods
9:1369–1383. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6AY02707E
Harrison JP, Ojeda JJ, Romero-González ME (2012) The applicability of reflectance micro-Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy for the detection of synthetic microplastics in marine
sediments. Sci Total Environ 416:455–463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
scitotenv.2011.11.078
Heindler FM, Alajmi F, Huerlimann R et al (2017) Toxic effects of
polyethylene terephthalate microparticles and Di(2-ethylhexyl)
phthalate on the calanoid copepod, Parvocalanus crassirostris.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 141:298–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
ecoenv.2017.03.029
Heo N, Hong S, Han G et al (2013) Distribution of small plastic
debris in cross-section and high strandline on Heungnam beach,
South Korea. Ocean Sci J 48:225–233. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s12601-013-0019-9
Hidalgo-Ruz V, Gutow L, Thompson RC, Thiel M (2012) Microplastics
in the marine environment: a review of the methods used for identification and quantification. Environ Sci Technol 46:3060–3075.
https://doi.org/10.1021/es2031505
T. Hamm et al.
mercial and wild types. Mar Pollut Bull 85:146–155. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.06.006
Dehaut A, Cassone A-L, Frère L et al (2016) Microplastics in seafood: benchmark protocol for their extraction and characterization. Environ Pollut 215:223–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
envpol.2016.05.018
Dekiff JH, Remy D, Klasmeier J et al (2014) Occurrence and spatial
distribution of microplastics in sediments from Norderney. Environ
Pollut 186:248–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.11.019
Desforges J-PW, Galbraith M, Dangerfield N et al (2014) Widespread
distribution of microplastics in subsurface seawater in the NE
Pacific Ocean. Mar Pollut Bull 79:94–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
marpolbul.2013.12.035
Doyle MJ, Watson W, Bowlin NM et al (2011) Plastic particles in coastal
pelagic ecosystems of the Northeast Pacific Ocean. Mar Environ
Res 71:41–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2010.10.001
Dubaish F, Liebezeit G (2013) Suspended microplastics and black carbon particles in the jade system, southern North Sea. Water Air Soil
Pollut 224:1352–1359. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-012-1352-9
Duis K, Coors A (2016) Microplastics in the aquatic and terrestrial
environment: sources (with a specific focus on personal care products), fate and effects. Environ Sci Eur 28:2
Dümichen E, Barthel A-K, Braun U et al (2015) Analysis of polyethylene microplastics in environmental samples, using a thermal decomposition method. Water Res 85:451–457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
watres.2015.09.002
Dümichen E, Eisentraut P, Bannick CG et al (2017) Fast identification of microplastics in complex environmental samples by a thermal degradation method. Chemosphere 174:572–584. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.02.010
Edson EC, Patterson MR (2015) MantaRay: a novel autonomous sampling instrument for in situ measurements of environmental microplastic particle concentrations. Paper presented at the OCEANS
2015 – MTS/IEEE Washington, DC, pp 19–22 Oct 2015
Elert AM, Becker R, Duemichen E et al (2017) Comparison of different methods for MP detection: what can we learn from them,
and why asking the right question before measurements matters? Environ Pollut 231:1256–1264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
envpol.2017.08.074
Enders K, Lenz R, Stedmon CA et al (2015) Abundance, size and polymer composition of marine microplastics ≥ 10 μm in the Atlantic
Ocean and their modelled vertical distribution. Mar Pollut Bull
100:70–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.09.027
Eriksen M, Mason S, Wilson S et al (2013) Microplastic pollution in
the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes. Mar Pollut Bull
77:177–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.10.007
Erni-Cassola G, Gibson MI, Thompson RC et al (2017) Lost, but found
with Nile red: a novel method for detecting and quantifying small
microplastics (1 mm to 20 μm) in environmental samples. Environ
Sci Technol. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b04512
Espinosa C, Esteban MÁ, Cuesta A (2016) Microplastics in aquatic
environments and their toxicological implications for fish. In:
Soloneski S, Larramendy ML (eds) Toxicology – new aspects to
this scientific conundrum. InTech, Rijeka, pp 113–145. https://doi.
org/10.5772/64815
Farrell P, Nelson K (2013) Trophic level transfer of microplastic:
Mytilus edulis (L.) to Carcinus maenas (L.). Environ Pollut 177:1–
3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.01.046
Filella M (2015) Questions of size and numbers in environmental
research on microplastics: methodological and conceptual aspects.
Environ Chem 12:527–538. https://doi.org/10.1071/EN15012
Fischer M, Scholz-Böttcher BM (2017) Simultaneous trace identification and quantification of common types of microplastics in
environmental samples by pyrolysis-gas chromatography–mass
spectrometry. Environ Sci Technol 51:5052–5060. https://doi.
org/10.1021/acs.est.6b06362
Fischer D, Kaeppler A, Eichhorn K-J (2015) Identification of microplastics in the marine environment by Raman microspectroscopy
and imaging. Am Lab 47:32–34
Fisner M, Majer AP, Balthazar-Silva D et al (2017) Quantifying microplastic pollution on sandy beaches: the conundrum of large sample variability and spatial heterogeneity. Environ Sci Pollut Res
24:13732–13740. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-8883-y
Foekema EM, De Gruijter C, Mergia MT et al (2013) Plastic in
North Sea fish. Environ Sci Technol 47:8818–8824. https://doi.
org/10.1021/es400931b
Frère L, Paul-Pont I, Moreau J et al (2016) A semi-automated Raman
micro-spectroscopy method for morphological and chemical characterizations of microplastic litter. Mar Pollut Bull 113:461–468.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.10.051
Fries E, Dekiff JH, Willmeyer J et al (2013) Identification of polymer types and additives in marine microplastic particles using
pyrolysis- GC/MS and scanning electron microscopy. Environ
Sci Processes Impact 15:1949–1956. https://doi.org/10.1039/
C3EM00214D
Gall SC, Thompson RC (2015) The impact of debris on marine
life. Mar Pollut Bull 92:170–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
marpolbul.2014.12.041
GESAMP (2015) Sources, fate and effects of microplastics in the
marine environment: a global assessment. In: Kershaw PJ (ed)
(IMO/FAO/UNESCO-IOC/UNIDO/WMO/IAEA/UN/UNEP/
UNDP Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine
Environmental Protection). Rep. Stud. GESAMP No. 90
GESAMP (2016) Sources, fate and effects of microplastics in the
marine environment: part two of a global assessment. In: Kershaw
PJ, Rochmann CM (eds) (IMO/FAO/UNESCO-IOC/UNIDO/
WMO/IAEA/UN/UNEP/UNDP Joint Group of Experts on the
Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection). Rep. Stud.
GESAMP No. 93
Goldstein MC, Titmus AJ, Ford M (2013) Scales of spatial heterogeneity of plastic marine debris in the Northeast Pacific Ocean. PLoS
One 8:e80020. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0080020
Hammer J, Kraak MHS, Parsons JR (2012) Plastics in the marine environment: the dark side of a modern gift. In: Whitacre DM (ed) Reviews
of environmental contamination and toxicology, vol 220. Springer,
New York, pp 1–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3414-6_1
Hanke G, Galgani F, Werner S et al (2013) MSFD GES technical
subgroup on marine litter. Guidance on Monitoring of marine
litter in European Seas European Commission. https://doi.
org/10.2788/99475
Hanvey JS, Lewis PJ, Lavers JL et al (2017) A review of analytical techniques for quantifying microplastics in sediments. Anal Methods
9:1369–1383. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6AY02707E
Harrison JP, Ojeda JJ, Romero-González ME (2012) The applicability of reflectance micro-Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy for the detection of synthetic microplastics in marine
sediments. Sci Total Environ 416:455–463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
scitotenv.2011.11.078
Heindler FM, Alajmi F, Huerlimann R et al (2017) Toxic effects of
polyethylene terephthalate microparticles and Di(2-ethylhexyl)
phthalate on the calanoid copepod, Parvocalanus crassirostris.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 141:298–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
ecoenv.2017.03.029
Heo N, Hong S, Han G et al (2013) Distribution of small plastic
debris in cross-section and high strandline on Heungnam beach,
South Korea. Ocean Sci J 48:225–233. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s12601-013-0019-9
Hidalgo-Ruz V, Gutow L, Thompson RC, Thiel M (2012) Microplastics
in the marine environment: a review of the methods used for identification and quantification. Environ Sci Technol 46:3060–3075.
https://doi.org/10.1021/es2031505
T. Hamm et al.