177
analysis, simulation models) to study the structure, function and
regulation of pelagic food webs. J Plankton Res 17(6):1273–1305.
https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/17.6.1273
Gilarranz LJ, Rayfield B, Liñán-Cembrano G et al (2017) Effects of network modularity on the spread of perturbation impact in experimental metapopulations. Science 357:199–201. https://doi.org/10.1126/
science.aal4122
Gross K, Cardinale BJ, Fox JW et al (2014) Species richness and
the temporal stability of biomass production: a new analysis of
recent biodiversity experiments. Am Nat 183:1–12. https://doi.
org/10.1086/673915
Gurevitch J, Padilla D (2004) Are invasive species a major cause
of extinctions? Trends Ecol Evol 19:470–474. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.tree.2004.07.005
Hillebrand H, Blenckner T (2002) Regional and local impact on species diversity – from pattern to processes. Oecologia 132:479–491.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-002-0988-3
Hoegh-Guldberg O, Bruno JF (2010) The impact of climate change on
the world’s marine ecosystems. Science 328:1523–1528. https://
doi.org/10.1126/science.1189930
Hull P (2015) Life in the aftermath of mass extinctions. Curr Biol
25:R941–R952. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.08.053
Isbell F, Gonzalez A, Loreau M et al (2017) Linking the influence and
dependence of people on biodiversity across scales. Nature 546:65–
72. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature22899
Jeschke JM, Strayer DL (2008) Are threat status and invasion success
two sides of the same coin? Ecography 31:124–130. https://doi.
org/10.1111/j.2007.0906-7590.05343.x
Kay JJ, Graham LA, Ulanowicz RE (1989) A detailed guide to network
analysis. In: Wulff F, Field JG, Mann KH (eds) Network analysis in
marine ecology. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, pp 15–61
Kooijman SALM (2010) Dynamic energy budget theory, 3rd edn.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Larson ER, Olden JD (2010) Latent extinction and invasion risk of
crayfishes in the southeastern United States. Conserv Biol 24:1099–
1110. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01462.x
Lehman CL, Tilman D (2000) Biodiversity, stability, and productivity in competitive communities. Am Nat 156:534–552. https://doi.
org/10.1086/303402
Levins R (1974) Discussion paper: the qualitative analysis of partially
specified systems. Ann N Y Acad Sci 231:123–138
Loreau M, Hector A (2001) Partitioning selection and complementarity in biodiversity experiments. Nature 412:72–76. https://doi.
org/10.1038/35083573
Loreau M, Naeem S, Inchausti P et al (2001) Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: current knowledge and future challenges. Science
294:804–808. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1064088
Magri M, Benelli S, Bondavalli C et al (2017) Benthic N pathways in
illuminated and bioturbated sediments studied with network analysis. Limnol Oceanogr 63:S68. https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.10724
Marchetti MP, Moyle PB, Levine R (2004) Invasive species profiling? Exploring the characteristics of non-native fishes across invasion stages in California. Freshw Biol 49:646–661. https://doi.
org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2004.01202.x
Martone RG, Bodini A, Micheli F (2017) Identifying potential consequences of natural perturbations and management decisions on
a coastal fishery social-ecological system using qualitative loop
analysis. Ecol Soc 22:34. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-08825-220134
May RM (1971) Stability in multispecies community models. Math
Biosci 12:59–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-5564(71)90074-5
May RM (1972) Will a large complex system be stable? Nature
238:413–414. https://doi.org/10.1038/238413a0
May RM (1973) Stability and complexity in model ecosystems, 1st edn.
Princeton University Press, Princeton
McCann KS (2000) The diversity–stability debate. Nature 405:228–
233. https://doi.org/10.1038/35012234
McCann K, Hastings A, Huxel GR (1998) Weak trophic interactions and the balance of nature. Nature 395:794–798. https://doi.
org/10.1038/27427
McKinney ML, Lockwood JL (1999) Biotic homogenization: a few winners replacing many losers in the next mass extinction. Trends Ecol
Evol 14:450–453. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(99)01679-1
McNaughton SJ (1977) Diversity and stability of ecological communities: a comment on the role of empiricism in ecology. Am Nat
111:515–525. https://doi.org/10.1086/283181
Monaco CJ, Wethey DS, Helmuth B (2014) A dynamic energy budget
(DEB) model for the keystone predator Pisaster ochraceus. PLoS
One 9(8):e104658. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0104658
Montoya JM, Pimm SL, Solé RV (2006) Ecological networks and their
fragility. Nature 442:259–264. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04927
Muller EB, Kooijman SALM, Edmunds PJ et al (2009) Dynamic
energy budgets in syntrophic symbiotic relationships between
heterotrophic hosts and photoautotrophic symbionts. J Theor Biol
259:44–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2009.03.004
Murray BR, Thrall PH, Gill AM et al (2002) How plant life-history
and ecological traits relate to species rarity and commonness
at varying spatial scales. Austral Ecol 27:291–310. https://doi.
org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.2002.01181.x
Naeem S (1996) Species redundancy and ecosystem reliability. Conserv
Biol 12:39–45. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.1998.96379.x
Neutel A-M, Heesterbeek JAP, De Ruiter PC (2002) Stability in real
food webs: weak links in long loops. Science 296:1120–1123.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1068326
Nisbet RM, Muller EB, Lika K et al (2000) From molecules to ecosystems through dynamic energy budget models. J Anim Ecol 69:913–
926. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2656.2000.00448.x
Odum EP (1953) Fundamentals of ecology, 1st edn. Saunders Co.,
Philadelphia
Olesen JM, Bascompte J, Dupont YL et al (2007) The modularity of
pollination networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104:19891–19896.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0706375104
Paine RT (1992) Food-web analysis through field measurement of
per capita interaction strength. Nature 355:73–75. https://doi.
org/10.1038/355073a0
Pimm SL, Jenkins CN, Abell R et al (2014) The biodiversity of species
and their rates of extinction, distribution, and protection. Science
344:1246752. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1246752
Purvis A, Gittleman JL, Cowlishaw G et al (2000) Predicting extinction
risk in declining species. Proc R Soc B 267:1947–1952. https://doi.
org/10.1098/rspb.2000.1234
Raymond B, McInnes J, Dambacher JM et al (2011) Qualitative
modelling of invasive species eradication on subantarctic Macquarie Island. J Appl Ecol 48:181–191. https://doi.
org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2010.01916.x
Reiss J, Bridle JR, Montoya JM et al (2009) Emerging horizons in
biodiversity and ecosystem functioning research. Trends Ecol Evol
24:505–514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2009.03.018
Reusch TBH, Ehlers A, Hammerli A et al (2005) Ecosystem recovery after climatic extremes enhanced by genotypic diversity. Proc
Natl Acad Sci U S A 102:2826–2831. https://doi.org/10.1073/
pnas.0500008102
Ripple WJ, Estes JA, Beschta RL et al (2014) Status and ecological
effects of the world’s largest carnivores. Science 343:1241484.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1241484
Rocchi M, Scotti M, Micheli F et al (2016) Key species and impact of
fishery through food web analysis: a case study from Baja California
Sur, Mexico. J Mar Syst 165:92–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
jmarsys.2016.10.003
Rooney N, McCann KS (2012) Integrating food web diversity, structure
and stability. Trends Ecol Evol 27:40–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
tree.2011.09.001
Biodiversity and the Functioning of Ecosystems in the Age of Global Change: Integrating Knowledge Across Scales
analysis, simulation models) to study the structure, function and
regulation of pelagic food webs. J Plankton Res 17(6):1273–1305.
https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/17.6.1273
Gilarranz LJ, Rayfield B, Liñán-Cembrano G et al (2017) Effects of network modularity on the spread of perturbation impact in experimental metapopulations. Science 357:199–201. https://doi.org/10.1126/
science.aal4122
Gross K, Cardinale BJ, Fox JW et al (2014) Species richness and
the temporal stability of biomass production: a new analysis of
recent biodiversity experiments. Am Nat 183:1–12. https://doi.
org/10.1086/673915
Gurevitch J, Padilla D (2004) Are invasive species a major cause
of extinctions? Trends Ecol Evol 19:470–474. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.tree.2004.07.005
Hillebrand H, Blenckner T (2002) Regional and local impact on species diversity – from pattern to processes. Oecologia 132:479–491.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-002-0988-3
Hoegh-Guldberg O, Bruno JF (2010) The impact of climate change on
the world’s marine ecosystems. Science 328:1523–1528. https://
doi.org/10.1126/science.1189930
Hull P (2015) Life in the aftermath of mass extinctions. Curr Biol
25:R941–R952. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.08.053
Isbell F, Gonzalez A, Loreau M et al (2017) Linking the influence and
dependence of people on biodiversity across scales. Nature 546:65–
72. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature22899
Jeschke JM, Strayer DL (2008) Are threat status and invasion success
two sides of the same coin? Ecography 31:124–130. https://doi.
org/10.1111/j.2007.0906-7590.05343.x
Kay JJ, Graham LA, Ulanowicz RE (1989) A detailed guide to network
analysis. In: Wulff F, Field JG, Mann KH (eds) Network analysis in
marine ecology. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, pp 15–61
Kooijman SALM (2010) Dynamic energy budget theory, 3rd edn.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Larson ER, Olden JD (2010) Latent extinction and invasion risk of
crayfishes in the southeastern United States. Conserv Biol 24:1099–
1110. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01462.x
Lehman CL, Tilman D (2000) Biodiversity, stability, and productivity in competitive communities. Am Nat 156:534–552. https://doi.
org/10.1086/303402
Levins R (1974) Discussion paper: the qualitative analysis of partially
specified systems. Ann N Y Acad Sci 231:123–138
Loreau M, Hector A (2001) Partitioning selection and complementarity in biodiversity experiments. Nature 412:72–76. https://doi.
org/10.1038/35083573
Loreau M, Naeem S, Inchausti P et al (2001) Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: current knowledge and future challenges. Science
294:804–808. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1064088
Magri M, Benelli S, Bondavalli C et al (2017) Benthic N pathways in
illuminated and bioturbated sediments studied with network analysis. Limnol Oceanogr 63:S68. https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.10724
Marchetti MP, Moyle PB, Levine R (2004) Invasive species profiling? Exploring the characteristics of non-native fishes across invasion stages in California. Freshw Biol 49:646–661. https://doi.
org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2004.01202.x
Martone RG, Bodini A, Micheli F (2017) Identifying potential consequences of natural perturbations and management decisions on
a coastal fishery social-ecological system using qualitative loop
analysis. Ecol Soc 22:34. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-08825-220134
May RM (1971) Stability in multispecies community models. Math
Biosci 12:59–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-5564(71)90074-5
May RM (1972) Will a large complex system be stable? Nature
238:413–414. https://doi.org/10.1038/238413a0
May RM (1973) Stability and complexity in model ecosystems, 1st edn.
Princeton University Press, Princeton
McCann KS (2000) The diversity–stability debate. Nature 405:228–
233. https://doi.org/10.1038/35012234
McCann K, Hastings A, Huxel GR (1998) Weak trophic interactions and the balance of nature. Nature 395:794–798. https://doi.
org/10.1038/27427
McKinney ML, Lockwood JL (1999) Biotic homogenization: a few winners replacing many losers in the next mass extinction. Trends Ecol
Evol 14:450–453. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(99)01679-1
McNaughton SJ (1977) Diversity and stability of ecological communities: a comment on the role of empiricism in ecology. Am Nat
111:515–525. https://doi.org/10.1086/283181
Monaco CJ, Wethey DS, Helmuth B (2014) A dynamic energy budget
(DEB) model for the keystone predator Pisaster ochraceus. PLoS
One 9(8):e104658. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0104658
Montoya JM, Pimm SL, Solé RV (2006) Ecological networks and their
fragility. Nature 442:259–264. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04927
Muller EB, Kooijman SALM, Edmunds PJ et al (2009) Dynamic
energy budgets in syntrophic symbiotic relationships between
heterotrophic hosts and photoautotrophic symbionts. J Theor Biol
259:44–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2009.03.004
Murray BR, Thrall PH, Gill AM et al (2002) How plant life-history
and ecological traits relate to species rarity and commonness
at varying spatial scales. Austral Ecol 27:291–310. https://doi.
org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.2002.01181.x
Naeem S (1996) Species redundancy and ecosystem reliability. Conserv
Biol 12:39–45. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.1998.96379.x
Neutel A-M, Heesterbeek JAP, De Ruiter PC (2002) Stability in real
food webs: weak links in long loops. Science 296:1120–1123.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1068326
Nisbet RM, Muller EB, Lika K et al (2000) From molecules to ecosystems through dynamic energy budget models. J Anim Ecol 69:913–
926. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2656.2000.00448.x
Odum EP (1953) Fundamentals of ecology, 1st edn. Saunders Co.,
Philadelphia
Olesen JM, Bascompte J, Dupont YL et al (2007) The modularity of
pollination networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104:19891–19896.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0706375104
Paine RT (1992) Food-web analysis through field measurement of
per capita interaction strength. Nature 355:73–75. https://doi.
org/10.1038/355073a0
Pimm SL, Jenkins CN, Abell R et al (2014) The biodiversity of species
and their rates of extinction, distribution, and protection. Science
344:1246752. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1246752
Purvis A, Gittleman JL, Cowlishaw G et al (2000) Predicting extinction
risk in declining species. Proc R Soc B 267:1947–1952. https://doi.
org/10.1098/rspb.2000.1234
Raymond B, McInnes J, Dambacher JM et al (2011) Qualitative
modelling of invasive species eradication on subantarctic Macquarie Island. J Appl Ecol 48:181–191. https://doi.
org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2010.01916.x
Reiss J, Bridle JR, Montoya JM et al (2009) Emerging horizons in
biodiversity and ecosystem functioning research. Trends Ecol Evol
24:505–514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2009.03.018
Reusch TBH, Ehlers A, Hammerli A et al (2005) Ecosystem recovery after climatic extremes enhanced by genotypic diversity. Proc
Natl Acad Sci U S A 102:2826–2831. https://doi.org/10.1073/
pnas.0500008102
Ripple WJ, Estes JA, Beschta RL et al (2014) Status and ecological
effects of the world’s largest carnivores. Science 343:1241484.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1241484
Rocchi M, Scotti M, Micheli F et al (2016) Key species and impact of
fishery through food web analysis: a case study from Baja California
Sur, Mexico. J Mar Syst 165:92–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
jmarsys.2016.10.003
Rooney N, McCann KS (2012) Integrating food web diversity, structure
and stability. Trends Ecol Evol 27:40–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
tree.2011.09.001
Biodiversity and the Functioning of Ecosystems in the Age of Global Change: Integrating Knowledge Across Scales