176
can be reached by integrating vertical analysis, i.e., how
compartments influence each other by considering feeding
preferences and the interaction with non-living elements in
ENA. DEB and ENA are not necessarily meant to be used
together, but they are complementary and using both of
them may diminish uncertainties. Once we understood
how the compartments of ecosystems behave, the LA
might be the way to bring the discussion to another level.
LA outputs can provide information about expected
impacts of disturbances on the functioning and services
provided by ecosystems. Literature attempting to ingrate
the overall complexity of ecosystems and predict the
expected consequences of global change drivers on their
structure and functioning is still scarce. Hereby we suggest
that this gap can be fulfilled based on rigorous algorithms
and analytical methods.
Appendix
This article is related to the YOUMARES 8 conference session no. 6: “The Interplay Between Marine Biodiversity and
Ecosystems Functioning: Patterns and Mechanisms in a
Changing World”. The original Call for Abstracts and the
abstracts of the presentations within this session can be
found in the appendix “Conference Sessions and Abstracts”,
chapter “11 The Interplay Between Marine Biodiversity and
Ecosystems Functioning: Patterns and Mechanisms in a
Changing World”, of this book.
References
Allesina S, Bondavalli C (2004) WAND: an ecological network analysis user-friendly tool. Environ Model Softw 19:337–340. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2003.10.002
Baird D, Ulanowicz RE (1989) The seasonal dynamics of the
Chesapeake Bay ecosystem. Ecol Monogr 59:329–364
Baird D, Ulanowicz R (1993) Comparative study on the trophic structure, cycling and ecosystem properties of four tidal estuaries. Mar
Ecol Prog Ser 99:221–237. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps099221
Baird D, Christian RR, Peterson CH et al (2004) Consequences
of hypoxia on estuarine ecosystem function: energy diversion
from consumers to microbes. Ecol Appl 14:805–822. https://doi.
org/10.1890/02-5094
Barnosky AD (2008) Megafauna biomass tradeoff as a driver of quaternary and future extinctions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105:11543–
11548. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0801918105
Barnosky AD, Matzke N, Tomiya S et al (2011) Has the Earth’s sixth
mass extinction already arrived? Nature 471:51–57. https://doi.
org/10.1038/nature09678
Bengtsson J (1998) Which species? What kind of diversity? Which
ecosystem function? Some problems in studies of relations between
biodiversity and ecosystem function. Appl Soil Ecol 10:191–199.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0929-1393(98)00120-6
Blackburn TM, Jeschke JM (2009) Invasion success and threat status:
two sides of a different coin? Ecography 32:83–88. https://doi.
org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2008.05661.x
Bodini A (2000) Reconstructing trophic interactions as a tool for
understanding and managing ecosystems: application to a shallow
eutrophic lake. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 57:1999–2009. https://doi.
org/10.1139/f00-153
Bodini A, Giavelli G, Rossi O (1994) The qualitative analysis of community food webs: implications for wildlife management and
conservation. J Environ Manag 41:49–65. https://doi.org/10.1006/
jema.1994.1033
Bond WJ (1994) Keystone species. In: Schulze ED, Mooney HA (eds)
Biodiversity and ecosystem function. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg,
pp 237–253
Bondavalli C, Bodini A, Rossetti G et al (2006) Detecting stress
at the whole-ecosystem level: the case of a mountain lake (Lake
Santo, Italy). Ecosystems 9(5):768–787. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s10021-005-0065-y
Cardinale BJ, Duffy JE, Gonzalez A et al (2012) Biodiversity loss and
its impact on humanity. Nature 486:59–67. https://doi.org/10.1038/
nature11148
Carstensen DW, Lessard JP, Holt BG et al (2013) Introducing the biogeographic species pool. Ecography 36:1310–1318. https://doi.
org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2013.00329.x
Christensen V, Pauly D (1992) ECOPATH II — a software for balancing steady-state ecosystem models and calculating network characteristics. Ecol Model 61:169–185. https://doi.
org/10.1016/0304-3800(92)90016-8
Christian RR, Baird D, Luczkovich J et al (2005) Role of network analysis in comparative ecosystem ecology of estuaries. In: Belgrano A,
Scharler UM, Dunne J et al (eds) Aquatic food webs: an ecosystem
approach. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 25–40
Christian RR, Brinson MM, Dame JK et al (2009) Ecological network
analyses and their use for establishing reference domain in functional assessment of an estuary. Ecol Model 220:3113–3122. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2009.07.012
Codron D, Carbone C, Müller DWH et al (2012) Ontogenetic niche
shifts in dinosaurs influenced size, diversity and extinction in terrestrial vertebrates. Biol Lett 8:620–623. https://doi.org/10.1098/
rsbl.2012.0240
Cornell HV, Harrison SP (2014) What are species pools and when are
they important? Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 45:45–67. https://doi.
org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-120213-091759
Dee LE, Allesina S, Bonn A et al (2017) Operationalizing network theory for ecosystem service assessments. Trends Ecol Evol 32:118–
130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2016.10.011
Díaz S, Cabido M (2001) Vive la différence: plant functional diversity
matters to ecosystem processes. Trends Ecol Evol 16:646–655.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(01)02283-2
Díaz S, Fargione J, Chapin FS et al (2006) Biodiversity loss threatens
human Well-being. PLoS Biol 4:e277. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0040277
Doney SC (2010) The growing human footprint on coastal and openocean biogeochemistry. Science 328:1512–1516. https://doi.
org/10.1126/science.1185198
Edmunds PJ, Putnam HM, Nisbet RM et al (2011) Benchmarks in organism performance and their use in comparative analyses. Oecologia
167:379–390. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-011-2004-2
Elton CS (1958) The ecology of invasions by animals and plants, 1st
edn. Chapman and Hall Ltd, London
Estes JA, Terborgh J, Brashares JS et al (2011) Trophic downgrading of planet earth. Science 333:301–306. https://doi.org/10.1126/
science.1205106
Fargione J, Tilman D, Dybzinski R et al (2007) From selection to
complementarity: shifts in the causes of biodiversity-productivity
relationships in a long-term biodiversity experiment. Proc R Soc B
274:871–876. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.0351
Gaedke U (1995) A comparison of whole-community and ecosystem
approaches (biomass size distributions, food web analysis, network
F. R. Barboza et al.
can be reached by integrating vertical analysis, i.e., how
compartments influence each other by considering feeding
preferences and the interaction with non-living elements in
ENA. DEB and ENA are not necessarily meant to be used
together, but they are complementary and using both of
them may diminish uncertainties. Once we understood
how the compartments of ecosystems behave, the LA
might be the way to bring the discussion to another level.
LA outputs can provide information about expected
impacts of disturbances on the functioning and services
provided by ecosystems. Literature attempting to ingrate
the overall complexity of ecosystems and predict the
expected consequences of global change drivers on their
structure and functioning is still scarce. Hereby we suggest
that this gap can be fulfilled based on rigorous algorithms
and analytical methods.
Appendix
This article is related to the YOUMARES 8 conference session no. 6: “The Interplay Between Marine Biodiversity and
Ecosystems Functioning: Patterns and Mechanisms in a
Changing World”. The original Call for Abstracts and the
abstracts of the presentations within this session can be
found in the appendix “Conference Sessions and Abstracts”,
chapter “11 The Interplay Between Marine Biodiversity and
Ecosystems Functioning: Patterns and Mechanisms in a
Changing World”, of this book.
References
Allesina S, Bondavalli C (2004) WAND: an ecological network analysis user-friendly tool. Environ Model Softw 19:337–340. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2003.10.002
Baird D, Ulanowicz RE (1989) The seasonal dynamics of the
Chesapeake Bay ecosystem. Ecol Monogr 59:329–364
Baird D, Ulanowicz R (1993) Comparative study on the trophic structure, cycling and ecosystem properties of four tidal estuaries. Mar
Ecol Prog Ser 99:221–237. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps099221
Baird D, Christian RR, Peterson CH et al (2004) Consequences
of hypoxia on estuarine ecosystem function: energy diversion
from consumers to microbes. Ecol Appl 14:805–822. https://doi.
org/10.1890/02-5094
Barnosky AD (2008) Megafauna biomass tradeoff as a driver of quaternary and future extinctions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105:11543–
11548. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0801918105
Barnosky AD, Matzke N, Tomiya S et al (2011) Has the Earth’s sixth
mass extinction already arrived? Nature 471:51–57. https://doi.
org/10.1038/nature09678
Bengtsson J (1998) Which species? What kind of diversity? Which
ecosystem function? Some problems in studies of relations between
biodiversity and ecosystem function. Appl Soil Ecol 10:191–199.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0929-1393(98)00120-6
Blackburn TM, Jeschke JM (2009) Invasion success and threat status:
two sides of a different coin? Ecography 32:83–88. https://doi.
org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2008.05661.x
Bodini A (2000) Reconstructing trophic interactions as a tool for
understanding and managing ecosystems: application to a shallow
eutrophic lake. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 57:1999–2009. https://doi.
org/10.1139/f00-153
Bodini A, Giavelli G, Rossi O (1994) The qualitative analysis of community food webs: implications for wildlife management and
conservation. J Environ Manag 41:49–65. https://doi.org/10.1006/
jema.1994.1033
Bond WJ (1994) Keystone species. In: Schulze ED, Mooney HA (eds)
Biodiversity and ecosystem function. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg,
pp 237–253
Bondavalli C, Bodini A, Rossetti G et al (2006) Detecting stress
at the whole-ecosystem level: the case of a mountain lake (Lake
Santo, Italy). Ecosystems 9(5):768–787. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s10021-005-0065-y
Cardinale BJ, Duffy JE, Gonzalez A et al (2012) Biodiversity loss and
its impact on humanity. Nature 486:59–67. https://doi.org/10.1038/
nature11148
Carstensen DW, Lessard JP, Holt BG et al (2013) Introducing the biogeographic species pool. Ecography 36:1310–1318. https://doi.
org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2013.00329.x
Christensen V, Pauly D (1992) ECOPATH II — a software for balancing steady-state ecosystem models and calculating network characteristics. Ecol Model 61:169–185. https://doi.
org/10.1016/0304-3800(92)90016-8
Christian RR, Baird D, Luczkovich J et al (2005) Role of network analysis in comparative ecosystem ecology of estuaries. In: Belgrano A,
Scharler UM, Dunne J et al (eds) Aquatic food webs: an ecosystem
approach. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 25–40
Christian RR, Brinson MM, Dame JK et al (2009) Ecological network
analyses and their use for establishing reference domain in functional assessment of an estuary. Ecol Model 220:3113–3122. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2009.07.012
Codron D, Carbone C, Müller DWH et al (2012) Ontogenetic niche
shifts in dinosaurs influenced size, diversity and extinction in terrestrial vertebrates. Biol Lett 8:620–623. https://doi.org/10.1098/
rsbl.2012.0240
Cornell HV, Harrison SP (2014) What are species pools and when are
they important? Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 45:45–67. https://doi.
org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-120213-091759
Dee LE, Allesina S, Bonn A et al (2017) Operationalizing network theory for ecosystem service assessments. Trends Ecol Evol 32:118–
130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2016.10.011
Díaz S, Cabido M (2001) Vive la différence: plant functional diversity
matters to ecosystem processes. Trends Ecol Evol 16:646–655.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(01)02283-2
Díaz S, Fargione J, Chapin FS et al (2006) Biodiversity loss threatens
human Well-being. PLoS Biol 4:e277. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0040277
Doney SC (2010) The growing human footprint on coastal and openocean biogeochemistry. Science 328:1512–1516. https://doi.
org/10.1126/science.1185198
Edmunds PJ, Putnam HM, Nisbet RM et al (2011) Benchmarks in organism performance and their use in comparative analyses. Oecologia
167:379–390. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-011-2004-2
Elton CS (1958) The ecology of invasions by animals and plants, 1st
edn. Chapman and Hall Ltd, London
Estes JA, Terborgh J, Brashares JS et al (2011) Trophic downgrading of planet earth. Science 333:301–306. https://doi.org/10.1126/
science.1205106
Fargione J, Tilman D, Dybzinski R et al (2007) From selection to
complementarity: shifts in the causes of biodiversity-productivity
relationships in a long-term biodiversity experiment. Proc R Soc B
274:871–876. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.0351
Gaedke U (1995) A comparison of whole-community and ecosystem
approaches (biomass size distributions, food web analysis, network
F. R. Barboza et al.