178
Sax DF, Gaines SD (2003) Species diversity: from global decreases
to local increases. Trends Ecol Evol 18:561–566. https://doi.
org/10.1016/S0169-5347(03)00224-6
Sax DF, Gaines SD (2008) Species invasions and extinction: the
future of native biodiversity on islands. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
105:11490–11497. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0802290105
Seehausen O (2004) Hybridization and adaptive radiation. Trends Ecol
Evol 19:198–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2004.01.003
Solan M, Cardinale BJ, Downing AL et al (2004) Extinction and ecosystem function in the marine benthos. Science 306:1177–1180.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1103960
Springer AM, Estes JA, van Vliet GB et al (2003) Sequential megafaunal collapse in the North Pacific Ocean: an ongoing legacy of
industrial whaling? Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100:12223–12228.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1635156100
Stachowicz JJ, Bruno JF, Duffy JE (2007) Understanding the effects
of marine biodiversity on communities and ecosystems. Annu
Rev Ecol Evol Syst 38:739–766. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.
ecolsys.38.091206.095659
Thomas CD (2013a) The Anthropocene could raise biological diversity.
Nature 502:7. https://doi.org/10.1038/502007a
Thomas CD (2013b) Local diversity stays about the same, regional
diversity increases, and global diversity declines. Proc Natl Acad Sci
U S A 110:19187–19188. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1319304110
Tilman D, Isbell F, Cowles JM (2014) Biodiversity and ecosystem
functioning. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 45:471–493. https://doi.
org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-120213-091917
Tingley R, Mahoney PJ, Durso AM et al (2016) Threatened and invasive reptiles are not two sides of the same coin. Glob Ecol Biogeogr
25:1050–1060. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12462
Ulanowicz RE (1995) Trophic flow networks as indicators of ecosystem
stress. In: Polis GA, Winemiller KO (eds) Food webs: integration of
patterns and dynamics. Chapman and Hall, New York, pp 358–368
Ulanowicz RE (2004) Quantitative methods for ecological network
analysis. Comput Biol Chem 28:321–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
compbiolchem.2004.09.001
Ulanowicz RE, Kay JJ (1991) A package for the analysis of ecosystem flow networks. Environ Softw 6:131–142. https://doi.
org/10.1016/0266-9838(91)90024-K
van der Meer J (2006) An introduction to dynamic energy budget
(DEB) models with special emphasis on parameter estimation. J Sea
Res 56:85–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2006.03.001
van Kleunen M, Richardson DM (2007) Invasion biology and conservation biology: time to join forces to explore the links between species traits and extinction risk and invasiveness. Prog Phys Geogr
31:447–450. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133307081295
van Kleunen M, Weber E, Fischer M (2010) A meta-analysis of trait differences between invasive and non-invasive plant species. Ecol Lett
13:235–245. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01418.x
Vitousek PM, Mooney HA, Lubchenco J et al (1997) Human domination of earth’ s ecosystems. Science 277:494–499. https://doi.
org/10.1126/science.277.5325.494
Warren PH (1989) Spatial and temporal variation in the structure of a freshwater food web. Oikos 55:299–311. https://doi.
org/10.2307/3565588
Woodward G, Ebenman B, Emmerson M et al (2005) Body size in
ecological networks. Trends Ecol Evol 20:402–409. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.tree.2005.04.005
Worm B, Barbier EB, Beaumont N et al (2006) Impacts of biodiversity
loss on ocean ecosystem services. Science 314:787–790. https://doi.
org/10.1126/science.1132294
Yachi S, Loreau M (1999) Biodiversity and ecosystem productivity in a fluctuating environment: the insurance hypothesis. Proc
Natl Acad Sci U S A 96:1463–1468. https://doi.org/10.1073/
pnas.96.4.1463
Open Access This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give
appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link
to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made.
The images or other third party material in this chapter are included
in the chapter’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise
in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the chapter’s
Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by
statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to
obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.
F. R. Barboza et al.
Sax DF, Gaines SD (2003) Species diversity: from global decreases
to local increases. Trends Ecol Evol 18:561–566. https://doi.
org/10.1016/S0169-5347(03)00224-6
Sax DF, Gaines SD (2008) Species invasions and extinction: the
future of native biodiversity on islands. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
105:11490–11497. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0802290105
Seehausen O (2004) Hybridization and adaptive radiation. Trends Ecol
Evol 19:198–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2004.01.003
Solan M, Cardinale BJ, Downing AL et al (2004) Extinction and ecosystem function in the marine benthos. Science 306:1177–1180.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1103960
Springer AM, Estes JA, van Vliet GB et al (2003) Sequential megafaunal collapse in the North Pacific Ocean: an ongoing legacy of
industrial whaling? Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100:12223–12228.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1635156100
Stachowicz JJ, Bruno JF, Duffy JE (2007) Understanding the effects
of marine biodiversity on communities and ecosystems. Annu
Rev Ecol Evol Syst 38:739–766. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.
ecolsys.38.091206.095659
Thomas CD (2013a) The Anthropocene could raise biological diversity.
Nature 502:7. https://doi.org/10.1038/502007a
Thomas CD (2013b) Local diversity stays about the same, regional
diversity increases, and global diversity declines. Proc Natl Acad Sci
U S A 110:19187–19188. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1319304110
Tilman D, Isbell F, Cowles JM (2014) Biodiversity and ecosystem
functioning. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 45:471–493. https://doi.
org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-120213-091917
Tingley R, Mahoney PJ, Durso AM et al (2016) Threatened and invasive reptiles are not two sides of the same coin. Glob Ecol Biogeogr
25:1050–1060. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12462
Ulanowicz RE (1995) Trophic flow networks as indicators of ecosystem
stress. In: Polis GA, Winemiller KO (eds) Food webs: integration of
patterns and dynamics. Chapman and Hall, New York, pp 358–368
Ulanowicz RE (2004) Quantitative methods for ecological network
analysis. Comput Biol Chem 28:321–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
compbiolchem.2004.09.001
Ulanowicz RE, Kay JJ (1991) A package for the analysis of ecosystem flow networks. Environ Softw 6:131–142. https://doi.
org/10.1016/0266-9838(91)90024-K
van der Meer J (2006) An introduction to dynamic energy budget
(DEB) models with special emphasis on parameter estimation. J Sea
Res 56:85–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2006.03.001
van Kleunen M, Richardson DM (2007) Invasion biology and conservation biology: time to join forces to explore the links between species traits and extinction risk and invasiveness. Prog Phys Geogr
31:447–450. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133307081295
van Kleunen M, Weber E, Fischer M (2010) A meta-analysis of trait differences between invasive and non-invasive plant species. Ecol Lett
13:235–245. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01418.x
Vitousek PM, Mooney HA, Lubchenco J et al (1997) Human domination of earth’ s ecosystems. Science 277:494–499. https://doi.
org/10.1126/science.277.5325.494
Warren PH (1989) Spatial and temporal variation in the structure of a freshwater food web. Oikos 55:299–311. https://doi.
org/10.2307/3565588
Woodward G, Ebenman B, Emmerson M et al (2005) Body size in
ecological networks. Trends Ecol Evol 20:402–409. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.tree.2005.04.005
Worm B, Barbier EB, Beaumont N et al (2006) Impacts of biodiversity
loss on ocean ecosystem services. Science 314:787–790. https://doi.
org/10.1126/science.1132294
Yachi S, Loreau M (1999) Biodiversity and ecosystem productivity in a fluctuating environment: the insurance hypothesis. Proc
Natl Acad Sci U S A 96:1463–1468. https://doi.org/10.1073/
pnas.96.4.1463
Open Access This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give
appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link
to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made.
The images or other third party material in this chapter are included
in the chapter’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise
in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the chapter’s
Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by
statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to
obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.
F. R. Barboza et al.