142
Kathiresan K, Bingham BL (2001) Biology of mangroves and mangrove
ecosystems. Adv Mar Biol 40:81–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/
S0065-2881(01)40003-4
Kathiresan K, Rajendran N (2005) Coastal mangrove forests mitigated tsunami. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 65:601–606. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.ecss.2005.06.022
Kenkel CD, Meyer E, Matz MV (2013) Gene expression under chronic
heat stress in populations of the mustard hill coral (Porites astreoides) from different thermal environments. Mol Ecol 22:4322–
4334. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.12390
Kennedy EV, Perry CT, Halloran PR et al (2013) Avoiding coral reef
functional collapse requires local and global action. Curr Biol
23:912–918. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2013.04.020
Khan S, Larrosa C (2008) Economic values of coral reefs, mangroves, and seagrasses: a global compilation. Center for Applied
Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, Arlington
Kitheka JU (1997) Coastal tidally-driven circulation and the role of
water exchange in the linkage beween tropical coastal ecosystems. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 45:177–187. https://doi.org/10.1006/
ecss.1996.0189
Kleypas JA, Langdon C, Phinney JT et al (2006) Coral reefs and changing seawater carbonate chemistry. In: Phinney JT, Hoegh-Guldberg
O, Kleypas J et al (eds) Coral reefs and climate change: science
and management. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC,
pp 73–110
Knutson TR, McBride JL, Chan J et al (2010) Tropical cyclones and
climate change. Nat Geosci 3:157–163
Koch MS, Schopmeyer S, Kyhn-Hansen C et al (2007) Synergistic
effects of high temperature and sulfide on tropical seagrass.
J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 341:91–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
jembe.2006.10.004
Koch EW, Barbier EB, Silliman BR et al (2009) Non-linearity in ecosystem services: temporal and spatial variability in coastal protection. Front Ecol Environ 7:29–37
Koch M, Bowes G, Ross C et al (2013) Climate change and ocean acidification effects on seagrasses and marine macroalgae. Glob Chang
Biol 19:103–132
Krauss KW, McKee KL, Lovelock CE et al (2014) How mangrove forests adjust to rising sea level. New Phytol 202:19–34. https://doi.
org/10.1111/nph.12605
Kroeker KJ, Kordas RL, Crim RN et al (2010) Meta-analysis reveals
negative yet variable effects of ocean acidification on marine organisms. Ecol Lett 13:1419–1434
Kroeker KJ, Kordas RL, Crim R et al (2013) Impacts of ocean acidification on marine organisms: quantifying sensitivities and interaction with warming. Glob Chang Biol 19:1884–1896. https://doi.
org/10.1111/gcb.12179
Kurihara H (2008) Effects of CO 2 -driven ocean acidification on the
early developmental stages of invertebrates. Mar Ecol Prog Ser
373:275–284
Kvitt H, Rosenfeld H, Zandbank K et al (2011) Regulation of apoptotic
pathways by Stylophora pistillata (anthozoa, pocilloporidae) to survive thermal stress and bleaching. PLoS ONE 6:e28665. https://doi.
org/10.1371/journal.pone.0028665
Lamb JB, van de Water JAJM, Bourne DG et al (2017) Seagrass ecosystems reduce exposure to bacterial pathogens of humans, fishes,
and invertebrates. Science 355:731–733. https://doi.org/10.1126/
science.aal1956
Lamy T, Legendre P, Chancerelle Y et al (2015) Understanding the
spatio- temporal response of coral reef fish communities to natural
disturbances: insights from beta-diversity decomposition. PLoS
ONE 10:e0138696. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138696
Langdon C, Atkinson MJ (2005) Effect of elevated pCO 2 on
photosynthesis and calcification of corals and interactions
with seasonal change in temperature/irradiance and nutrient enrichment. J Geophys Res 110:C09S07. https://doi.
org/10.1029/2004JC002576
Lapointe BE (1997) Nutrient thresholds for bottom-up control of
macroalgal blooms on coral reefs in Jamaica and southeast
Florida. Limnol Oceanogr 42:1119–1131. https://doi.org/10.4319/
lo.1997.42.5
Le Quéré C, Andres RJ, Boden T et al (2013) The global carbon budget
1959–2011. Earth Syst Sci Data 5:165–185. https://doi.org/10.5194/
essd-5-165-2013
Lee KS, Park SR, Kim YK (2007) Effects of irradiance, temperature,
and nutrients on growth dynamics of seagrasses: a review. J Exp
Mar Biol Ecol 350:144–175
Lovelock CE, Cahoon DR, Friess DA et al (2015) The vulnerability
of Indo-Pacific mangrove forests to sea-level rise. Nature 526:559–
563. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature15538
Luo J, Serafy JE, Sponaugle S et al (2009) Movement of gray snapper Lutjanus griseus among subtropical seagrass, mangrove, and
coral reef habitats. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 380:255–269. https://doi.
org/10.3354/meps07911
Magris RA, Heron SF, Pressey RL (2015) Conservation planning for
coral reefs accounting for climate warming disturbances. PLoS
ONE 10:e0140828. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0140828
Manson FJ, Loneragan NR, Harch BD et al (2005) A broad-scale analysis of links between coastal fisheries production and mangrove
extent: a case-study for northeastern Australia. Fish Res 74:69–85.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2005.04.001
Marean CW, Bar-Matthews M, Bernatchez J et al (2007) Early human
use of marine resources and pigment in South Africa during the
Middle Pleistocene. Nature 449:905–908. https://doi.org/10.1038/
nature06204
Matson PA, Parton WJ, Power AG et al (1997) Agricultural intensification and ecosystem properties. Science 227:504–509. https://doi.
org/10.1126/science.277.5325.504
Maxwell PS, Eklöf JS, van Katwijk MM et al (2017) The fundamental
role of ecological feedback mechanisms for the adaptive management of seagrass ecosystems – a review. Biol Rev 92:1521–1538.
https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12294
McAllister DE (1995) Status of the World Ocean and its biodiversity.
Sea Wind 9:1–72
McCook LJ (1999) Macroalgae, nutrients and phase shifts on coral
reefs: scientific issues and management consequences for the Great
Barrier Reef. Coral Reefs 367:357–367
McCormick MI, Watson SA, Munday PL (2013) Ocean acidification
reverses competition for space as habitats degrade. Sci Rep 3:3280.
https://doi.org/10.1038/srep03280
McCulloch M, Falter J, Trotter J et al (2012) Coral resilience to ocean
acidification and global warming through pH up-regulation. Nat
Clim Chang 2:623–627. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1473
McGlathery KJ (2001) Macroalgal blooms contribute to the decline of
seagrass in nutrient-enriched coastal waters. J Phycol 37:453–456.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1529-8817.2001.037004453.x
McGlathery KJ, Sundbäck K, Anderson IC (2007) Eutrophication in
shallow coastal bays and lagoons: the role of plants in the coastal
filter. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 348:1–18. https://doi.org/10.3354/
meps07132
McIvor A, Spencer T, Möller I et al (2012) Storm surge reduction by
mangroves. Natural coastal protection series: report 2. Cambridge
Coastal Research Unit working paper 41. Published by The Nature
Conservancy and Wetlands International
Milazzo M, Rodolfo-Metalpa R, Chan VBS et al (2014) Ocean acidification impairs vermetid reef recruitment. Sci Rep 4:4189. https://
doi.org/10.1038/srep04189
Miller AW, Reynolds AC, Sobrino C et al (2009) Shellfish face uncertain future in high CO 2 world: influence of acidification on oyster
larvae calcification and growth in estuaries. PLoS ONE 4:e5661.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0005661
Moberg F, Folke C (1999) Ecological goods and services of coral
reef ecosystems. Ecol Econ 29:215–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/
S0921-8009(99)00009-9
H. S. Earp et al.
Kathiresan K, Bingham BL (2001) Biology of mangroves and mangrove
ecosystems. Adv Mar Biol 40:81–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/
S0065-2881(01)40003-4
Kathiresan K, Rajendran N (2005) Coastal mangrove forests mitigated tsunami. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 65:601–606. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.ecss.2005.06.022
Kenkel CD, Meyer E, Matz MV (2013) Gene expression under chronic
heat stress in populations of the mustard hill coral (Porites astreoides) from different thermal environments. Mol Ecol 22:4322–
4334. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.12390
Kennedy EV, Perry CT, Halloran PR et al (2013) Avoiding coral reef
functional collapse requires local and global action. Curr Biol
23:912–918. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2013.04.020
Khan S, Larrosa C (2008) Economic values of coral reefs, mangroves, and seagrasses: a global compilation. Center for Applied
Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, Arlington
Kitheka JU (1997) Coastal tidally-driven circulation and the role of
water exchange in the linkage beween tropical coastal ecosystems. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 45:177–187. https://doi.org/10.1006/
ecss.1996.0189
Kleypas JA, Langdon C, Phinney JT et al (2006) Coral reefs and changing seawater carbonate chemistry. In: Phinney JT, Hoegh-Guldberg
O, Kleypas J et al (eds) Coral reefs and climate change: science
and management. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC,
pp 73–110
Knutson TR, McBride JL, Chan J et al (2010) Tropical cyclones and
climate change. Nat Geosci 3:157–163
Koch MS, Schopmeyer S, Kyhn-Hansen C et al (2007) Synergistic
effects of high temperature and sulfide on tropical seagrass.
J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 341:91–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
jembe.2006.10.004
Koch EW, Barbier EB, Silliman BR et al (2009) Non-linearity in ecosystem services: temporal and spatial variability in coastal protection. Front Ecol Environ 7:29–37
Koch M, Bowes G, Ross C et al (2013) Climate change and ocean acidification effects on seagrasses and marine macroalgae. Glob Chang
Biol 19:103–132
Krauss KW, McKee KL, Lovelock CE et al (2014) How mangrove forests adjust to rising sea level. New Phytol 202:19–34. https://doi.
org/10.1111/nph.12605
Kroeker KJ, Kordas RL, Crim RN et al (2010) Meta-analysis reveals
negative yet variable effects of ocean acidification on marine organisms. Ecol Lett 13:1419–1434
Kroeker KJ, Kordas RL, Crim R et al (2013) Impacts of ocean acidification on marine organisms: quantifying sensitivities and interaction with warming. Glob Chang Biol 19:1884–1896. https://doi.
org/10.1111/gcb.12179
Kurihara H (2008) Effects of CO 2 -driven ocean acidification on the
early developmental stages of invertebrates. Mar Ecol Prog Ser
373:275–284
Kvitt H, Rosenfeld H, Zandbank K et al (2011) Regulation of apoptotic
pathways by Stylophora pistillata (anthozoa, pocilloporidae) to survive thermal stress and bleaching. PLoS ONE 6:e28665. https://doi.
org/10.1371/journal.pone.0028665
Lamb JB, van de Water JAJM, Bourne DG et al (2017) Seagrass ecosystems reduce exposure to bacterial pathogens of humans, fishes,
and invertebrates. Science 355:731–733. https://doi.org/10.1126/
science.aal1956
Lamy T, Legendre P, Chancerelle Y et al (2015) Understanding the
spatio- temporal response of coral reef fish communities to natural
disturbances: insights from beta-diversity decomposition. PLoS
ONE 10:e0138696. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138696
Langdon C, Atkinson MJ (2005) Effect of elevated pCO 2 on
photosynthesis and calcification of corals and interactions
with seasonal change in temperature/irradiance and nutrient enrichment. J Geophys Res 110:C09S07. https://doi.
org/10.1029/2004JC002576
Lapointe BE (1997) Nutrient thresholds for bottom-up control of
macroalgal blooms on coral reefs in Jamaica and southeast
Florida. Limnol Oceanogr 42:1119–1131. https://doi.org/10.4319/
lo.1997.42.5
Le Quéré C, Andres RJ, Boden T et al (2013) The global carbon budget
1959–2011. Earth Syst Sci Data 5:165–185. https://doi.org/10.5194/
essd-5-165-2013
Lee KS, Park SR, Kim YK (2007) Effects of irradiance, temperature,
and nutrients on growth dynamics of seagrasses: a review. J Exp
Mar Biol Ecol 350:144–175
Lovelock CE, Cahoon DR, Friess DA et al (2015) The vulnerability
of Indo-Pacific mangrove forests to sea-level rise. Nature 526:559–
563. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature15538
Luo J, Serafy JE, Sponaugle S et al (2009) Movement of gray snapper Lutjanus griseus among subtropical seagrass, mangrove, and
coral reef habitats. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 380:255–269. https://doi.
org/10.3354/meps07911
Magris RA, Heron SF, Pressey RL (2015) Conservation planning for
coral reefs accounting for climate warming disturbances. PLoS
ONE 10:e0140828. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0140828
Manson FJ, Loneragan NR, Harch BD et al (2005) A broad-scale analysis of links between coastal fisheries production and mangrove
extent: a case-study for northeastern Australia. Fish Res 74:69–85.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2005.04.001
Marean CW, Bar-Matthews M, Bernatchez J et al (2007) Early human
use of marine resources and pigment in South Africa during the
Middle Pleistocene. Nature 449:905–908. https://doi.org/10.1038/
nature06204
Matson PA, Parton WJ, Power AG et al (1997) Agricultural intensification and ecosystem properties. Science 227:504–509. https://doi.
org/10.1126/science.277.5325.504
Maxwell PS, Eklöf JS, van Katwijk MM et al (2017) The fundamental
role of ecological feedback mechanisms for the adaptive management of seagrass ecosystems – a review. Biol Rev 92:1521–1538.
https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12294
McAllister DE (1995) Status of the World Ocean and its biodiversity.
Sea Wind 9:1–72
McCook LJ (1999) Macroalgae, nutrients and phase shifts on coral
reefs: scientific issues and management consequences for the Great
Barrier Reef. Coral Reefs 367:357–367
McCormick MI, Watson SA, Munday PL (2013) Ocean acidification
reverses competition for space as habitats degrade. Sci Rep 3:3280.
https://doi.org/10.1038/srep03280
McCulloch M, Falter J, Trotter J et al (2012) Coral resilience to ocean
acidification and global warming through pH up-regulation. Nat
Clim Chang 2:623–627. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1473
McGlathery KJ (2001) Macroalgal blooms contribute to the decline of
seagrass in nutrient-enriched coastal waters. J Phycol 37:453–456.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1529-8817.2001.037004453.x
McGlathery KJ, Sundbäck K, Anderson IC (2007) Eutrophication in
shallow coastal bays and lagoons: the role of plants in the coastal
filter. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 348:1–18. https://doi.org/10.3354/
meps07132
McIvor A, Spencer T, Möller I et al (2012) Storm surge reduction by
mangroves. Natural coastal protection series: report 2. Cambridge
Coastal Research Unit working paper 41. Published by The Nature
Conservancy and Wetlands International
Milazzo M, Rodolfo-Metalpa R, Chan VBS et al (2014) Ocean acidification impairs vermetid reef recruitment. Sci Rep 4:4189. https://
doi.org/10.1038/srep04189
Miller AW, Reynolds AC, Sobrino C et al (2009) Shellfish face uncertain future in high CO 2 world: influence of acidification on oyster
larvae calcification and growth in estuaries. PLoS ONE 4:e5661.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0005661
Moberg F, Folke C (1999) Ecological goods and services of coral
reef ecosystems. Ecol Econ 29:215–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/
S0921-8009(99)00009-9
H. S. Earp et al.