xxi
Fig. 1.16
Urban and suburban land-surface categories
at 2 km × 2 km resolution ................................................... 29
Fig. 1.17
The mean differences of meteorological parameters
between experiments with SLUCM against
NOURBAN averaged over 2005–2009 for winter
(left panels) and summer (right panels): from the
top – temperature at 2 m (K), specific humidity at
2 m (g.kg
−1
), wind speed at 10 m (m.s
−1
), and
planetary boundary height (m). Shaded areas
represent significant changes on the 95 % level
of confidence ...................................................................... 30
Fig. 1.18
The mean differences in summer between
experiments with SLUCM against NOURBAN
averaged over 2005–2009 for vertical cross- section
on 50 N of temperature (K, left panel) and wind
speed (m.s
−1
, right panel). Shaded areas represent
significant changes on the 95 % level of confidence.......... 31
Fig. 1.19
Daily course of 2 m temperature for Prague city center
and two points in vicinity, where number 2
is rather suburban. The simulation without urban
effect included is shown in blue, with the effect
included in violet and observations are in orange.
Summer season is shown ................................................... 31
Fig. 1.20
Annual course of 2 m temperature for
selected cities based on the simulation
without urban effect included (blue curve)
and with the effect included (violet),
compared to observations (orange) ................................... 32
Fig. 1.21
Climate change projections of winter minimum
temperature-Bologna station, scenario
A1B, 2021–2050 ................................................................ 36
Fig. 1.22
Ensemble Mean (EM) of seasonal changes
of minimum temperature projected at
Bologna station (CCAReg model),
scenario A1B, 2021–2050 with respect to 1961–1990 ...... 36
Fig. 1.23
Ensemble Mean (EM) of seasonal changes of maximum
temperature projected at Bologna station
(CCAReg model), scenario A1B, 2021–2050
with respect to 1961–1990 ................................................. 37
Fig. 1.24
Ensemble Mean (EM) of seasonal heat waves
projected at Bologna station (CCAReg model),
scenario A1B, 2021–2050 and present
climate (1961–1990) .......................................................... 38
List of Figures
Fig. 1.16
Urban and suburban land-surface categories
at 2 km × 2 km resolution ................................................... 29
Fig. 1.17
The mean differences of meteorological parameters
between experiments with SLUCM against
NOURBAN averaged over 2005–2009 for winter
(left panels) and summer (right panels): from the
top – temperature at 2 m (K), specific humidity at
2 m (g.kg
−1
), wind speed at 10 m (m.s
−1
), and
planetary boundary height (m). Shaded areas
represent significant changes on the 95 % level
of confidence ...................................................................... 30
Fig. 1.18
The mean differences in summer between
experiments with SLUCM against NOURBAN
averaged over 2005–2009 for vertical cross- section
on 50 N of temperature (K, left panel) and wind
speed (m.s
−1
, right panel). Shaded areas represent
significant changes on the 95 % level of confidence.......... 31
Fig. 1.19
Daily course of 2 m temperature for Prague city center
and two points in vicinity, where number 2
is rather suburban. The simulation without urban
effect included is shown in blue, with the effect
included in violet and observations are in orange.
Summer season is shown ................................................... 31
Fig. 1.20
Annual course of 2 m temperature for
selected cities based on the simulation
without urban effect included (blue curve)
and with the effect included (violet),
compared to observations (orange) ................................... 32
Fig. 1.21
Climate change projections of winter minimum
temperature-Bologna station, scenario
A1B, 2021–2050 ................................................................ 36
Fig. 1.22
Ensemble Mean (EM) of seasonal changes
of minimum temperature projected at
Bologna station (CCAReg model),
scenario A1B, 2021–2050 with respect to 1961–1990 ...... 36
Fig. 1.23
Ensemble Mean (EM) of seasonal changes of maximum
temperature projected at Bologna station
(CCAReg model), scenario A1B, 2021–2050
with respect to 1961–1990 ................................................. 37
Fig. 1.24
Ensemble Mean (EM) of seasonal heat waves
projected at Bologna station (CCAReg model),
scenario A1B, 2021–2050 and present
climate (1961–1990) .......................................................... 38
List of Figures