xx
for 1961–1970 (solid lines) and
1991–2000 (dashed lines) .................................................. 17
Fig. 1.7
Observed (open squares) and modelled (filled squares)
urban heat island intensity (°C) in Budapest for
1961–1970 (solid lines) and 1991–2000 (dashed lines) .... 18
Fig. 1.8
Difference of simulated mean temperature (°C)
from the value at Pestszentlőrinc (the outskirt point)
in winter and summer for 1961–1970 (the two
red points represent the selected stations
in Kitaibel Street and Pestszentlőrinc) ............................... 19
Fig. 1.9
Monthly mean temperature bias (°C)
of ALADIN-Climate (filled squares) and SURFEX
(open squares) compared to observations in the
inner (solid lines) and outer site
(dashed lines) of Szeged for 1999–2000 ........................... 20
Fig. 1.10
Annual and daily cycle of UHI intensity (°C) in
1991–2000 between the two selected points in
Szeged simulated by SURFEX .......................................... 20
Fig. 1.11
The validation of model mean temperature
in terms of the difference of the ERA-Interim
driven simulation against E-OBS data, for
temperature and individual seasons ................................... 24
Fig. 1.12
The validation of model mean temperature
in terms of the difference of the CNRM-CM5
driven simulation against E-OBS data,
for temperature and individual seasons ............................. 25
Fig. 1.13
The climate change signal for near future
in terms of the difference of the CNRM-CM5
driven simulation 2021–2050 against 1961–1990,
for temperature and individual seasons under RCP4.5 ...... 26
Fig. 1.14
The climate change signal for near future in terms
of the difference of the CNRM-CM5 driven
simulation 2071–2100 against 1961–1990,
for temperature and individual seasons under RCP4.5 ...... 27
Fig. 1.15
Energy fluxes in the SLUCM between the street
canyon and the road and walls and from the
buildings roof (T a – air temperature at reference
height z a , T R – building roof temperature, T W – building
wall temperature, T G – the road temperature,
T S – temperature defined at z T + d, H – the sensible
heat exchange at the reference height, H a is the
sensible heat flux from the canyon space to the
atmosphere, H W – from wall to the canyon space,
H G – from road to the canyon space, H R – from
roof to the atmosphere) ....................................................... 28
List of Figures
for 1961–1970 (solid lines) and
1991–2000 (dashed lines) .................................................. 17
Fig. 1.7
Observed (open squares) and modelled (filled squares)
urban heat island intensity (°C) in Budapest for
1961–1970 (solid lines) and 1991–2000 (dashed lines) .... 18
Fig. 1.8
Difference of simulated mean temperature (°C)
from the value at Pestszentlőrinc (the outskirt point)
in winter and summer for 1961–1970 (the two
red points represent the selected stations
in Kitaibel Street and Pestszentlőrinc) ............................... 19
Fig. 1.9
Monthly mean temperature bias (°C)
of ALADIN-Climate (filled squares) and SURFEX
(open squares) compared to observations in the
inner (solid lines) and outer site
(dashed lines) of Szeged for 1999–2000 ........................... 20
Fig. 1.10
Annual and daily cycle of UHI intensity (°C) in
1991–2000 between the two selected points in
Szeged simulated by SURFEX .......................................... 20
Fig. 1.11
The validation of model mean temperature
in terms of the difference of the ERA-Interim
driven simulation against E-OBS data, for
temperature and individual seasons ................................... 24
Fig. 1.12
The validation of model mean temperature
in terms of the difference of the CNRM-CM5
driven simulation against E-OBS data,
for temperature and individual seasons ............................. 25
Fig. 1.13
The climate change signal for near future
in terms of the difference of the CNRM-CM5
driven simulation 2021–2050 against 1961–1990,
for temperature and individual seasons under RCP4.5 ...... 26
Fig. 1.14
The climate change signal for near future in terms
of the difference of the CNRM-CM5 driven
simulation 2071–2100 against 1961–1990,
for temperature and individual seasons under RCP4.5 ...... 27
Fig. 1.15
Energy fluxes in the SLUCM between the street
canyon and the road and walls and from the
buildings roof (T a – air temperature at reference
height z a , T R – building roof temperature, T W – building
wall temperature, T G – the road temperature,
T S – temperature defined at z T + d, H – the sensible
heat exchange at the reference height, H a is the
sensible heat flux from the canyon space to the
atmosphere, H W – from wall to the canyon space,
H G – from road to the canyon space, H R – from
roof to the atmosphere) ....................................................... 28
List of Figures