xxii
Fig. 2.1
Process chain for measurement project planning,
management and service .................................................... 44
Fig. 2.2
Suitable location of air temperature and
humidity sensors in urban environments ........................... 47
Fig. 2.3
Representative precipitation measurement
in an urban area .................................................................. 48
Fig. 2.4
Reliable location for measuring mast ................................ 48
Fig. 2.5
Recommendation for representative
solar radiation observation ................................................. 49
Fig. 2.6
Thermal and humidity measures
on the horizontal scale in a densely built- up area .............. 50
Fig. 2.7
The height scale of thermal measurements
in a densely built-up area ................................................... 50
Fig. 2.8
Typical two-dimensional airflow and
a vertical wind structure around a building ....................... 52
Fig. 2.9
Typical air flow in a street canyon (a) H/W ratio is
1/3 (b) H/W ratio around 1/2 (c) a narrow street ............... 54
Fig. 2.10
Example of an urban monitoring station;
meteorological sensors: wind (1), temperature (2),
global solar radiation (3), precipitation (4), air
quality (5 – gas and aerosol samplers) ............................... 59
Fig. 2.11
Example of visualization documentary materials
for the surroundings of an urban station located at
Twarda Street in downtown Warsaw .................................. 62
Fig. 2.12
Print screen of UHI atlas .................................................... 64
Fig. 2.13
Print screen of UHI atlas. Its user friendly interface
enables users to select between different layers, and to
make profiles across April (as below) and August
temperatures in Central Europe ......................................... 64
Fig. 3.1
Cumulative frequency distribution of UHI intensity
for a one week summer period ........................................... 75
Fig. 3.2
Mean hourly urban temperature for a reference
summer day ........................................................................ 76
Fig. 3.3
Mean hourly UHI intensity distribution
for a reference summer day ............................................... 76
Fig. 3.4
Development of (mean annual) urban temperatures
over a period of 30 years .................................................... 77
Fig. 3.5
Development of (mean annual) rural temperatures
over a period of 30 years .................................................... 78
Fig. 3.6
Long-term development of the UHI intensity
over a period of 30 years .................................................... 78
Fig. 3.7
Long-term UHI intensity trend over a
period of 30 years .............................................................. 79
List of Figures