104
temperature reduction. This aim is achieved using models with different spatial
resolutions and designing exemplary measurements for case studies. All these
results and information are demanded and can have a direct application. However,
it has to be mentioned that results of thermal indices (PET or UTCI), compared to
studies based only on air temperature, produce different outcomes. For example,
increasing albedo of urban surfaces can decrease air temperature, but at the same
time it increases the values of PET, due to increased shortwave reflection. This is a
relevant topic not only during summer, but throughout the all year, because it affects
the use of the urban spaces, where people want to spend time outdoors.
Finally, easy understandable graphs and figure are a possibility for better communication between different users and disciplines.
Open Access This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, duplication, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, a link is provided to the Creative Commons
license and any changes made are indicated.
The images or other third party material in this chapter are included in the work's Creative
Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if such material is not included in
the work's Creative Commons license and the respective action is not permitted by statutory regulation, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to duplicate, adapt or reproduce
the material.
References
Błażejczyk, K., Broede, P., Fiala, D., Havenith, H., Holmér, I., Jendritzky, G., Kampmann, B., &
Kunert, A. (2010). Principles of the new universal thermal climate index (UTCI) and its application to bioclimatic research in European scale. Miscellanea Geographica, 14, 91–102.
Böhm, R., & Gabl, K. (1978). Die Wärmeinsel einer Großstadt in Abhängigkeit von verschiedenen
meteorologischen Parametern. Archiv für Meteorologie, Geophysik und Bioklimatologie Serie
B, 26, 219–237.
Eliasson, I. (2000). The use of climate knowledge in urban planning. Landscape and Urban
Planning, 48, 31–44.
Fanger, P. O. (1972). Thermal comfort: Analysis and applications in environmental engineering.
New York: McGraw-Hill.
Fröhlich, D., & Matzarakis, A. (2011). Hitzestress und Stadtplanung – Am Beispiel des Platz der
alten Synagoge in Freiburg im Breisgau. Gefahrstoffe – Reinhaltung der Luft, 71, 333–338.
Fröhlich, D., & Matzarakis, A. (2013). Thermal bioclimate and urban planning in Freiburg –
Examples based on urban spaces. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 111, 547–558.
Gagge, A.P., Fobelets, A., & Berglund, L. (1986). A standard predictive index of human response
to the thermal environment. ASHRAE Transactions, 92, 709–731.
Helbig, A., Baumüller, J., & Kerschgens, M. J. (Eds.). (1999). Stadtklima und Luftreinhaltung.
Berlin/Heidelberg: VDI-Buch. Springer.
Höppe, P. (1984). Die Energiebilanz des Menschen, Wiss. Mitt. Meteorol. Inst. Univ. München
No. 49
Höppe, P. (1992). Ein neues Verfahren zur Bestimmung der mittleren Strahlungstemperatur im
Freien. Wetter und Leben, 44, 147–151.
Höppe, P. (1993). Heatbalancemodelling. Experientia, 49, 741–746.
A. Matzarakis et al.
temperature reduction. This aim is achieved using models with different spatial
resolutions and designing exemplary measurements for case studies. All these
results and information are demanded and can have a direct application. However,
it has to be mentioned that results of thermal indices (PET or UTCI), compared to
studies based only on air temperature, produce different outcomes. For example,
increasing albedo of urban surfaces can decrease air temperature, but at the same
time it increases the values of PET, due to increased shortwave reflection. This is a
relevant topic not only during summer, but throughout the all year, because it affects
the use of the urban spaces, where people want to spend time outdoors.
Finally, easy understandable graphs and figure are a possibility for better communication between different users and disciplines.
Open Access This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, duplication, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, a link is provided to the Creative Commons
license and any changes made are indicated.
The images or other third party material in this chapter are included in the work's Creative
Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if such material is not included in
the work's Creative Commons license and the respective action is not permitted by statutory regulation, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to duplicate, adapt or reproduce
the material.
References
Błażejczyk, K., Broede, P., Fiala, D., Havenith, H., Holmér, I., Jendritzky, G., Kampmann, B., &
Kunert, A. (2010). Principles of the new universal thermal climate index (UTCI) and its application to bioclimatic research in European scale. Miscellanea Geographica, 14, 91–102.
Böhm, R., & Gabl, K. (1978). Die Wärmeinsel einer Großstadt in Abhängigkeit von verschiedenen
meteorologischen Parametern. Archiv für Meteorologie, Geophysik und Bioklimatologie Serie
B, 26, 219–237.
Eliasson, I. (2000). The use of climate knowledge in urban planning. Landscape and Urban
Planning, 48, 31–44.
Fanger, P. O. (1972). Thermal comfort: Analysis and applications in environmental engineering.
New York: McGraw-Hill.
Fröhlich, D., & Matzarakis, A. (2011). Hitzestress und Stadtplanung – Am Beispiel des Platz der
alten Synagoge in Freiburg im Breisgau. Gefahrstoffe – Reinhaltung der Luft, 71, 333–338.
Fröhlich, D., & Matzarakis, A. (2013). Thermal bioclimate and urban planning in Freiburg –
Examples based on urban spaces. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 111, 547–558.
Gagge, A.P., Fobelets, A., & Berglund, L. (1986). A standard predictive index of human response
to the thermal environment. ASHRAE Transactions, 92, 709–731.
Helbig, A., Baumüller, J., & Kerschgens, M. J. (Eds.). (1999). Stadtklima und Luftreinhaltung.
Berlin/Heidelberg: VDI-Buch. Springer.
Höppe, P. (1984). Die Energiebilanz des Menschen, Wiss. Mitt. Meteorol. Inst. Univ. München
No. 49
Höppe, P. (1992). Ein neues Verfahren zur Bestimmung der mittleren Strahlungstemperatur im
Freien. Wetter und Leben, 44, 147–151.
Höppe, P. (1993). Heatbalancemodelling. Experientia, 49, 741–746.
A. Matzarakis et al.