78
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
UHI intensity [K]
Year
VIENNA
STUTTGART
PADUA
BUDAPEST
PRAGUE
MODENA
WARSAW
LJUBLJANA
Fig. 3.6 Long-term development of the UHI intensity over a period of 30 years
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
θ [ 0
C]
Year
VIENNA
STUTTGART
PADUA
BUDAPEST
PRAGUE
MODENA
WARSAW
LJUBLJANA
Fig. 3.5 Development of (mean annual) rural temperatures over a period of 30 years
3.5 Modelling Efforts
Urban microclimate is considered to be a cumulative effect of several circumstances, including small-scale processes such as combustion process of vehicles and
meso-scale interactions such as atmospheric forces. To properly model and analyse
A. Mahdavi et al.