FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
5
Table 1.1 Functional groups and IUPAC nomenclature (arranged in order of decreasing priority)
Functional group
Structure
Suffix
Prefix
Cation
ammonium
R 4 N
-ammonium
ammoniophosphonium
R 4 P
-phosphonium
phosphoniosulfonium
R 3 S
-sulfonium
sulfonioCarboxylic acid
C
OH
O
CO 2 H
-oic acid
carboxyCarboxylic acid anhydride
(anhydride)
O
C
O
C
O
-oic anhydride
Carboxylic acid ester (ester)
C
O
O
CO 2 R
alkyl -oate
alkoxylcarbonyl- (or
carbalkoxy-)
Acyl halide
C
X
O
COX
-oyl halide
haloalkanoylAmide
primary amide
C
NH 2
O
CONH 2
-amide
carbamoylsecondary amide
C
NH
O
CONHR
tertiary amide
C
N
O
CONR 2
Nitrile
C N
CN
-nitrile (or -onitrile)
cyanoAldehyde
C
H
O
CHO
-al
formylKetone
C
O
COR
-one
-oxo(continued overleaf )