472
Index
Prediction of reactions, 411-413
summary, 414
Prediction of spontaneity, 300
and acid concentration, 302-304
Prefixes (for units), 33
Preparative reactions, 194-195
Principle of Le Chateher, 264
Probability distribution, for few measurements,
56
Probability distribution, for many measurements, 52-54
Proton, 401-403
Pseudo first-order reactions, 233
Purity calculations, 175-179
PV work, 221
Pyro salts, synthesis of, 420-421
Radioactive decay, rate of, 234, 237-238, 403407
Radioactivity, artificial, 402
Random errors, 44
Raoult's law, 328
Rate constant, 229
determination of, 232-236, 238-242
for nuclear decay, 404
units of, 234, 236
Rates of reaction, 228-232
and concentration, 228-232
for first-order reactions, 233-234
of radioactive decay, 234, 403-407
for reversible reactions, 237
for second- and third-order reactions, 235236
Reaction enthalpies, 215-219
Reaction entropies, 284-288
Reaction prediction rules, summary, 414
Reaction rate, 228-232
Reactions
electron-transfer, 269
metathesis, 414
prediction of, 411-413
Reciprocals, 18
Reducing agent, 269
Reduction, 269-270
Rejection of data, 63
Relative atomic weights, 144-145
Relative error, 58
Reliability
of aline, 76-77
of measurements, 48
of slope and y intercept, 77-79
Repulsion, electron-pair, 121
effect on bond angle, 131
and electronegativity, 131
unequal, 126
Resistance, electrical, 206
Resonance, 133-135, 138-141
Resonance hybnd, 133
Restncted rotation, 141
Reversible reactions, 246, 254-255
electron-transfer, 270
rate of, 237
Roots, 19
Rotation, free and restricted, 141
Rounding off numbers, 46
Rule of Dulong and Petit, 211-212
Salt bndge, 271
Salts
definition of, 107
hydrolysis of, 358-361
naming of, 107-109
synthesis of, 417-419
Saturated solution, 372, 376
i block elements, 120
Scaling of units, 65
Scientific notation, 5-8
addition and subtraction in, 10
calculator entry of, 7
division in, 9
multiplication in, 8
Second-order reactions, 235-236
Seesaw shape, 126-127
Semiloganthmic graph, 70-71
Separation of ions, 381-383
Shapes of molecules See Molecular shapes
Side-overlap of orbitals, 137
Sigma bonds, 134-135
Significant figures, 44-48
with addition and subtraction, 47
with calculators, 48
final zeros as, 45
with multiplication and division, 47
in pure numbers, 48
zeros before a number, 45
Simultaneous equilibria
with acids and bases, 359-362
with complex ions, 395-397
with insoluble solids, 380-383
Single bond, 120-121
SI units, 33
Slope of a line, 66
calculation of, 67
negative and positive, 68
reliability of, 77-79
Solid density, 88-90
Solubility
and common-ion effect, 375-376
in water, 374-375
Solubility product
determination of, 373
table of values, 374
Solubility rules, 412
Solute, 188
standard state of, 273
Index
Prediction of reactions, 411-413
summary, 414
Prediction of spontaneity, 300
and acid concentration, 302-304
Prefixes (for units), 33
Preparative reactions, 194-195
Principle of Le Chateher, 264
Probability distribution, for few measurements,
56
Probability distribution, for many measurements, 52-54
Proton, 401-403
Pseudo first-order reactions, 233
Purity calculations, 175-179
PV work, 221
Pyro salts, synthesis of, 420-421
Radioactive decay, rate of, 234, 237-238, 403407
Radioactivity, artificial, 402
Random errors, 44
Raoult's law, 328
Rate constant, 229
determination of, 232-236, 238-242
for nuclear decay, 404
units of, 234, 236
Rates of reaction, 228-232
and concentration, 228-232
for first-order reactions, 233-234
of radioactive decay, 234, 403-407
for reversible reactions, 237
for second- and third-order reactions, 235236
Reaction enthalpies, 215-219
Reaction entropies, 284-288
Reaction prediction rules, summary, 414
Reaction rate, 228-232
Reactions
electron-transfer, 269
metathesis, 414
prediction of, 411-413
Reciprocals, 18
Reducing agent, 269
Reduction, 269-270
Rejection of data, 63
Relative atomic weights, 144-145
Relative error, 58
Reliability
of aline, 76-77
of measurements, 48
of slope and y intercept, 77-79
Repulsion, electron-pair, 121
effect on bond angle, 131
and electronegativity, 131
unequal, 126
Resistance, electrical, 206
Resonance, 133-135, 138-141
Resonance hybnd, 133
Restncted rotation, 141
Reversible reactions, 246, 254-255
electron-transfer, 270
rate of, 237
Roots, 19
Rotation, free and restricted, 141
Rounding off numbers, 46
Rule of Dulong and Petit, 211-212
Salt bndge, 271
Salts
definition of, 107
hydrolysis of, 358-361
naming of, 107-109
synthesis of, 417-419
Saturated solution, 372, 376
i block elements, 120
Scaling of units, 65
Scientific notation, 5-8
addition and subtraction in, 10
calculator entry of, 7
division in, 9
multiplication in, 8
Second-order reactions, 235-236
Seesaw shape, 126-127
Semiloganthmic graph, 70-71
Separation of ions, 381-383
Shapes of molecules See Molecular shapes
Side-overlap of orbitals, 137
Sigma bonds, 134-135
Significant figures, 44-48
with addition and subtraction, 47
with calculators, 48
final zeros as, 45
with multiplication and division, 47
in pure numbers, 48
zeros before a number, 45
Simultaneous equilibria
with acids and bases, 359-362
with complex ions, 395-397
with insoluble solids, 380-383
Single bond, 120-121
SI units, 33
Slope of a line, 66
calculation of, 67
negative and positive, 68
reliability of, 77-79
Solid density, 88-90
Solubility
and common-ion effect, 375-376
in water, 374-375
Solubility product
determination of, 373
table of values, 374
Solubility rules, 412
Solute, 188
standard state of, 273