Index
473
Solutions, 188
commercial concentrated, 192-193
by dilution, 193-194
preparation of, 188-195
standard, 189
standardization of, 195-197
standard state of, 273
in stoichiometnc calculations, 194-195
Solvent, 188
s orbital, 134-136
Specific heat, 205
measurement of, 209, 211
Spontaneity, 282
prediction of, and acid concentration, 302304
of reactions, 412
Q-antipnsm (d"sp
3 ) molecular orbitals, 122
D-antiprism shape, 122, 130-131
D-bipyramidal shape, 122, 127-128, 142
D-coplanar (dsp
2 ) molecular orbitals, 142
D-coplanar shape, 121-122, 129
in complex ions, 142
Q-pyramidal shape, 128
Standard conditions (for gases), 159
Standard deviation, 51-58
with calculator, 52, 59
of the mean, 57
Standard electrode potentials, 275
table of values, 275
Standard enthalpy of formation, 216-217
table of values, 217
Standard entropies of reaction, 284-288
table of values, 287
Standard error of estimate, 78
Standard free energies of formation, 283285
table of values, 285
Standard hydrogen electrode, 273-274
Standardization
of acids and bases, 320-321
of electron transfer reagents, 322-324
of solutions, 195-197
Standard scientific notation, 7
Standard solution, 189
Standard state
of elements and compounds, 216
of pure substances, 273
of solutes, 273
of solutions, 219, 273
Stoichiometnc calculations
for formulas, 144
for reactions, 173-179
rules for, 173
with solutions, 194-195
Straight line, equation of, 65-72
Strong acids, 412
Strong bases, 412
Strong electrolytes, 412
Sulfide ion concentration in H 2 S solutions,
378-379
Sulfldes of alkaline earths, synthesis of, 420
Supernatant solution, 372
Surroundings (thermodynamic), 222
Synthesis
of acids, 419-420
of acid salts, 420
of ammonia, 420
of compounds, 415-421
of gases, 415-417
of hydroxides, 420
ofmeta salts, 420-421
of metal hydrides, 421
of metal oxides, 420
ofpyra salts, 420-421
of salts, 417-419
of sulfides of alkaline earths, 420
System (thermodynamic), 222
Systematic errors, 44
Systeme International, 33
Temperature
absolute, 159
conversion, 35-38
scales, 36-38
Tetrahedral shape, 121-122, 124, 125, 136, 142
Tetrahedral (sp
1 ) molecular orbitals, 122, 136
Thermocouple, 66-67
Thio, 106
Third law of thermodynamics, 286
Third-order reactions, 235-236
Titration curves, 347, 348
acid-base, 365, 369, 371
Titration reactions, 195-199
Titrations
acid-base, 195-199
back, 197
direct, 197
permanganate, 198
Ton atomic weight, 177
Ton molecular weight, 177
Torr, 157-158
Toxic gases, 419
Transition
enthalpy of, 212-214
entropy of, 214-215, 286
A-bipyramidal (spW) molecular orbitals, 122
A-bipyramidal shape, 122, 125-126
A-coplanar shape, 121-122, 123, 124, 132-134,
136, 138, 140
A-coplanar (sp*) molecular orbitals, 122, 136,
137-141
A-pyramidal shape, 121-122, 124, 125
Trigonal (sp
2 ) molecular orbitals, 122, 136,
137-141
Triple bond, 120-121
and pi orbital, 137-138
473
Solutions, 188
commercial concentrated, 192-193
by dilution, 193-194
preparation of, 188-195
standard, 189
standardization of, 195-197
standard state of, 273
in stoichiometnc calculations, 194-195
Solvent, 188
s orbital, 134-136
Specific heat, 205
measurement of, 209, 211
Spontaneity, 282
prediction of, and acid concentration, 302304
of reactions, 412
Q-antipnsm (d"sp
3 ) molecular orbitals, 122
D-antiprism shape, 122, 130-131
D-bipyramidal shape, 122, 127-128, 142
D-coplanar (dsp
2 ) molecular orbitals, 142
D-coplanar shape, 121-122, 129
in complex ions, 142
Q-pyramidal shape, 128
Standard conditions (for gases), 159
Standard deviation, 51-58
with calculator, 52, 59
of the mean, 57
Standard electrode potentials, 275
table of values, 275
Standard enthalpy of formation, 216-217
table of values, 217
Standard entropies of reaction, 284-288
table of values, 287
Standard error of estimate, 78
Standard free energies of formation, 283285
table of values, 285
Standard hydrogen electrode, 273-274
Standardization
of acids and bases, 320-321
of electron transfer reagents, 322-324
of solutions, 195-197
Standard scientific notation, 7
Standard solution, 189
Standard state
of elements and compounds, 216
of pure substances, 273
of solutes, 273
of solutions, 219, 273
Stoichiometnc calculations
for formulas, 144
for reactions, 173-179
rules for, 173
with solutions, 194-195
Straight line, equation of, 65-72
Strong acids, 412
Strong bases, 412
Strong electrolytes, 412
Sulfide ion concentration in H 2 S solutions,
378-379
Sulfldes of alkaline earths, synthesis of, 420
Supernatant solution, 372
Surroundings (thermodynamic), 222
Synthesis
of acids, 419-420
of acid salts, 420
of ammonia, 420
of compounds, 415-421
of gases, 415-417
of hydroxides, 420
ofmeta salts, 420-421
of metal hydrides, 421
of metal oxides, 420
ofpyra salts, 420-421
of salts, 417-419
of sulfides of alkaline earths, 420
System (thermodynamic), 222
Systematic errors, 44
Systeme International, 33
Temperature
absolute, 159
conversion, 35-38
scales, 36-38
Tetrahedral shape, 121-122, 124, 125, 136, 142
Tetrahedral (sp
1 ) molecular orbitals, 122, 136
Thermocouple, 66-67
Thio, 106
Third law of thermodynamics, 286
Third-order reactions, 235-236
Titration curves, 347, 348
acid-base, 365, 369, 371
Titration reactions, 195-199
Titrations
acid-base, 195-199
back, 197
direct, 197
permanganate, 198
Ton atomic weight, 177
Ton molecular weight, 177
Torr, 157-158
Toxic gases, 419
Transition
enthalpy of, 212-214
entropy of, 214-215, 286
A-bipyramidal (spW) molecular orbitals, 122
A-bipyramidal shape, 122, 125-126
A-coplanar shape, 121-122, 123, 124, 132-134,
136, 138, 140
A-coplanar (sp*) molecular orbitals, 122, 136,
137-141
A-pyramidal shape, 121-122, 124, 125
Trigonal (sp
2 ) molecular orbitals, 122, 136,
137-141
Triple bond, 120-121
and pi orbital, 137-138