Index
471
of hydroxides, 105
of metal ions, 103-104
ofmeta salts, 420-421
of pyro salts, 420-421
of salts, 107-109
Negative electrode
in electrolytic cell, 308-309
in galvanic cell, 270-273
Nernst equation, 275-276
Neutralization
enthalpy of, 219
of strong acid and strong base, 344
of weak acids and bases, 358-361, 365
Neutrino, 401
Neutron, 401-403
disintegration of, 402
Nitric acid
in electron-transfer reactions, 304
in syntheses, 418-419
Nitrogen family, 120-121
Nitrometer, 182-183
Nomenclature See Names
Nonelectrolytes, 102
colhgative properties of, 328-333
Normal distribution curve, 48-49
Normality
.
acid-base, 319
electron-transfer, 322-323
Notation (number)
calculator entry of, 5, 7
decimal, 5
scientific, 5-8
standard scientific, 7
Nuclear
decay rate, 403-407
equations, 400-402
energy, 403
fission, 403
fusion, 403
Octahedral (rf
2 sp
j or spW
2 ) molecular orbitals,
122, 136, 142
Octahedral shape, 122, 127-128, 142
Octet rule, 113, 119, 132
Odd (unpaired) electrons
calculation of electron pairs for, 119
orbitals for, 140-141
Ohm's law, 206
Orbital
atomic, 119, 134
molecular, 119, 134-135
Order of reactant, 229-230
Order of reaction, 229
determination of, 232-236, 238-242
Ordmate of graph, 65
Origin of graph, 65, 68
Osmotic pressure, 332-333
Oxidation, 269-270
Oxidation state, determination of, 293
Oxidizing agent, 269
Oxygen family, 120-121
Partial ionic character, 116
Partial pressures, 163
of reactants, 258-260
Parts per million, 58
Parts per thousand, 58
p block elements, 120
Pentagonal bipyramid shape, 122, 129-130
Percentage, 58
Percentage composition, 147-148
Percentage decomposition of gases, 260
Percentage ionic character, 116
Percentage yield, 260
Per, definition of, 18
Permanganate titration, 198
pH, 341
of acid-salt solutions, 362
of aquo metal ions, 392-393
of buffers, 356-358
calculation of, with hand calculators, 342-343
calculations (summary), 363-364
at endpomt, 344
of polyprotic acids, 352-353
of salt solutions, 358-361
of strong acid solutions, 342-343
of strong base solutions, 342-343
of weak acid solutions, 350-353
of weak base solutions, 353-354
Pi (TT) bonds, 136-141
pOH, 341
calculation of, with hand calculators, 342343
Polyprotic acids, 352-353
p orbital, 134-136
Positive electrode
in electrolytic cell, 308-309
in galvanic cell, 270-273
Positive ions, names of, 103-104
Positron, 401
Potential difference (voltage), 273
Potential, half-cell, 273
Power (of a number), 6, 13
Powers, with calculators, 18
Precipitates, dissolving of, 380-381
Precipitation
control by buffers, 378-381
control by complex ions, 395-397
criterion for, 376-377
by hydrogen sulfide, 378-379
and solubility product, 372-383
Precision of the mean, 56-57
Precision of measurements, 44
Precision of a single measurement, 56
471
of hydroxides, 105
of metal ions, 103-104
ofmeta salts, 420-421
of pyro salts, 420-421
of salts, 107-109
Negative electrode
in electrolytic cell, 308-309
in galvanic cell, 270-273
Nernst equation, 275-276
Neutralization
enthalpy of, 219
of strong acid and strong base, 344
of weak acids and bases, 358-361, 365
Neutrino, 401
Neutron, 401-403
disintegration of, 402
Nitric acid
in electron-transfer reactions, 304
in syntheses, 418-419
Nitrogen family, 120-121
Nitrometer, 182-183
Nomenclature See Names
Nonelectrolytes, 102
colhgative properties of, 328-333
Normal distribution curve, 48-49
Normality
.
acid-base, 319
electron-transfer, 322-323
Notation (number)
calculator entry of, 5, 7
decimal, 5
scientific, 5-8
standard scientific, 7
Nuclear
decay rate, 403-407
equations, 400-402
energy, 403
fission, 403
fusion, 403
Octahedral (rf
2 sp
j or spW
2 ) molecular orbitals,
122, 136, 142
Octahedral shape, 122, 127-128, 142
Octet rule, 113, 119, 132
Odd (unpaired) electrons
calculation of electron pairs for, 119
orbitals for, 140-141
Ohm's law, 206
Orbital
atomic, 119, 134
molecular, 119, 134-135
Order of reactant, 229-230
Order of reaction, 229
determination of, 232-236, 238-242
Ordmate of graph, 65
Origin of graph, 65, 68
Osmotic pressure, 332-333
Oxidation, 269-270
Oxidation state, determination of, 293
Oxidizing agent, 269
Oxygen family, 120-121
Partial ionic character, 116
Partial pressures, 163
of reactants, 258-260
Parts per million, 58
Parts per thousand, 58
p block elements, 120
Pentagonal bipyramid shape, 122, 129-130
Percentage, 58
Percentage composition, 147-148
Percentage decomposition of gases, 260
Percentage ionic character, 116
Percentage yield, 260
Per, definition of, 18
Permanganate titration, 198
pH, 341
of acid-salt solutions, 362
of aquo metal ions, 392-393
of buffers, 356-358
calculation of, with hand calculators, 342-343
calculations (summary), 363-364
at endpomt, 344
of polyprotic acids, 352-353
of salt solutions, 358-361
of strong acid solutions, 342-343
of strong base solutions, 342-343
of weak acid solutions, 350-353
of weak base solutions, 353-354
Pi (TT) bonds, 136-141
pOH, 341
calculation of, with hand calculators, 342343
Polyprotic acids, 352-353
p orbital, 134-136
Positive electrode
in electrolytic cell, 308-309
in galvanic cell, 270-273
Positive ions, names of, 103-104
Positron, 401
Potential difference (voltage), 273
Potential, half-cell, 273
Power (of a number), 6, 13
Powers, with calculators, 18
Precipitates, dissolving of, 380-381
Precipitation
control by buffers, 378-381
control by complex ions, 395-397
criterion for, 376-377
by hydrogen sulfide, 378-379
and solubility product, 372-383
Precision of the mean, 56-57
Precision of measurements, 44
Precision of a single measurement, 56