Index
469
Fractional crystallization, 421-423
Fraction of molecules with activation
energy, 243
Free energy, 280
and cell voltage, 281
and equilibrium constant, 281-283
of formation ,283
of formation (table), 285
and prediction, 411-412
of reactions, 281
Free rotation
Freezing-point depression, 330-332
table of values, 330
Galvanic cell, 270-273
shorthand notation, 272
Gamma ray, 401
Gas
constant (R), 159-160
density, 88, 161
law (ideal), 159-163
law (ideal) and chemical reactions,
174-179
pressure, calculation of, 160
pressure, measurement of, 156-158
Gaseous reactions, calculations for, 176
Gases
collection of, 418
common, and chemical reactions, 413
drying of, 417
generators for, 416
molar volume of, 159-160
molecular weight of, 161-162
molecular weight (apparent) of mixtures, 162-163
molecular weight of, by gas effusion,
166
percentage decomposition of, 260
preparation of, 180, 184, 415-417
toxic, 419
Gaussian distribution, 53
Geometry, electron-pair, 121-122
Geometry, molecular See Molecular
shapes
Graham's law of diffusion and effusion,
166
Gram atomic weight, 145-146
Gram molecular weight, 145-146
Graph construction, 64-65
logarithmic, 70-71
semiloganthmic, 70-71
Half cell potential (voltage), 273, 276
Half-life of radioactive decay, 234, 404405
calculations with very large half-lives,
406
determination of, 237-238, 405-406
determination of with mixed isotopes, 410
table of values, 404
Half-reaction, 270
equations, 292
equations, writing, 293-294
Halogens, 120
Heat capacity, 205
Heat content, 213
Heat of reaction, 215
Hess's law, 216
Hybridization, 135-136
Hybrid molecular orbitals, 122
Hydrated metal ions as weak acids,
392-393
Hydrogen ion concentration, 340-346
from pH, 345-346
Hydrogen sulfide
electron-transfer reactions with, 304
pH of solutions of, 353
precipitation by, 378-379
sulfide ion concentration in, 378-379
Hydrolysis, 358-361
Hydrolysis constant, 359-360
Hydroxide ion concentration, 340-346
from pH, 345-346
Hydroxides, 105
synthesis of, 420
Hydroxo complexes, 394
Ideal gas, 159-163
constant (R), 159-160
equation, 159
law, 159-163
law, and chemical reactions, 174-179
Ideal solutions, 273
Impurity calculations, 175-179
Indicators (acid-base) for titration, 366
table of, 366
Inert electrode, 311
Instability constant
determination of, 390-392
table of values, 391
Internal energy, 220-223
change in combustion, 222
Internuclear distance, 117-118, 133
Interpolation of logarithms, 15
Ion, 102
Ionic character, 116
Ionic equations, balancing, 413-414
lomzation constants
acids and bases (table), 351
aquo metal ions (table), 393
determination of, 350
from freezing-point depressions, 335
Ion product, 275-276
at equilibrium, 278-279
for half reactions, 276
and solubility, 376-377
469
Fractional crystallization, 421-423
Fraction of molecules with activation
energy, 243
Free energy, 280
and cell voltage, 281
and equilibrium constant, 281-283
of formation ,283
of formation (table), 285
and prediction, 411-412
of reactions, 281
Free rotation
Freezing-point depression, 330-332
table of values, 330
Galvanic cell, 270-273
shorthand notation, 272
Gamma ray, 401
Gas
constant (R), 159-160
density, 88, 161
law (ideal), 159-163
law (ideal) and chemical reactions,
174-179
pressure, calculation of, 160
pressure, measurement of, 156-158
Gaseous reactions, calculations for, 176
Gases
collection of, 418
common, and chemical reactions, 413
drying of, 417
generators for, 416
molar volume of, 159-160
molecular weight of, 161-162
molecular weight (apparent) of mixtures, 162-163
molecular weight of, by gas effusion,
166
percentage decomposition of, 260
preparation of, 180, 184, 415-417
toxic, 419
Gaussian distribution, 53
Geometry, electron-pair, 121-122
Geometry, molecular See Molecular
shapes
Graham's law of diffusion and effusion,
166
Gram atomic weight, 145-146
Gram molecular weight, 145-146
Graph construction, 64-65
logarithmic, 70-71
semiloganthmic, 70-71
Half cell potential (voltage), 273, 276
Half-life of radioactive decay, 234, 404405
calculations with very large half-lives,
406
determination of, 237-238, 405-406
determination of with mixed isotopes, 410
table of values, 404
Half-reaction, 270
equations, 292
equations, writing, 293-294
Halogens, 120
Heat capacity, 205
Heat content, 213
Heat of reaction, 215
Hess's law, 216
Hybridization, 135-136
Hybrid molecular orbitals, 122
Hydrated metal ions as weak acids,
392-393
Hydrogen ion concentration, 340-346
from pH, 345-346
Hydrogen sulfide
electron-transfer reactions with, 304
pH of solutions of, 353
precipitation by, 378-379
sulfide ion concentration in, 378-379
Hydrolysis, 358-361
Hydrolysis constant, 359-360
Hydroxide ion concentration, 340-346
from pH, 345-346
Hydroxides, 105
synthesis of, 420
Hydroxo complexes, 394
Ideal gas, 159-163
constant (R), 159-160
equation, 159
law, 159-163
law, and chemical reactions, 174-179
Ideal solutions, 273
Impurity calculations, 175-179
Indicators (acid-base) for titration, 366
table of, 366
Inert electrode, 311
Instability constant
determination of, 390-392
table of values, 391
Internal energy, 220-223
change in combustion, 222
Internuclear distance, 117-118, 133
Interpolation of logarithms, 15
Ion, 102
Ionic character, 116
Ionic equations, balancing, 413-414
lomzation constants
acids and bases (table), 351
aquo metal ions (table), 393
determination of, 350
from freezing-point depressions, 335
Ion product, 275-276
at equilibrium, 278-279
for half reactions, 276
and solubility, 376-377