468
Index
Electron transfer equivalents, 312-313,
321-324
Electron-transfer equivalent weight, 312,
328
Electron-transfer normality, 322-323
Electron-transfer reactions, 269
Electrorefimng, 311
Elements
absolute entropies of, 286-287
valence states of 103-104
Empirical formula, 148, 332
Endothermic reaction, 216
effect of temperature on equilibrium
constant of, 262
End-overlap of orbitals, 134-135
Endpomt
of acid-base titration, 195
of permanganate titration, 198
Endpomt equivalents, 319, 322
indicators (acid base), 366
pH, 344, 365
Energy
activation, 243-245
covalent bond, 113-115
nuclear, 403
English units, 34
Enthalpy, 213. 221-222
of activation, 243-245
of combustion, 218-219
diagram for reaction, 246
of formation, 216-217
of neutralization, 219
of reaction, 215-219
of reaction and equilibrium constant,
261-263
of transition, 212-214
Entropy, 214
absolute, 286-287
of reaction, 284-288
of transition, 214-215, 286
unit, 215
Equations, balancing, 107-108
electron-transfer reactions with halfreactions, 292
electron transfer reactions without
half reactions, 295-297
electron-transfer reactions with or
game compounds, 297-299
general guidelines, 300
ionic, 413-414
molecular, 107-108, 299
nuclear, 401-402
Equations, half reaction, 292-294
Equilibrium
acid-base, 349-366
complex ions, 389-397
electron-transfer, 278-284
gaseous, 254-264
insoluble solid, 372
simultaneous acid-base, 359-362
simultaneous, with complex ions,
395-397
simultaneous, with insoluble solids,
380-383
Equilibrium constant, 254-255
determination of, 255-256
effect of partial pressure on, 257-259
effect of pressure change on, 256-257
effect of temperature on, 261-263
and free energy, 281-283
table of values for acids and bases, 351
table of values for aquo metal ions, 393
table of values for complex ions, 391
table of values for gases, 257
table of values for solubility, 374
Equilibrium position
effect of partial pressure on, 257-259
effect of pressure on, 256-257
effect of temperature on, 261-263
Equivalence point, 365
Equivalents
acid-base, 318-321
electrical, 312-314
electron-transfer, 312-313 321-324
at endpomt, 319, 322
Equivalent weight
acid base, 319
electron-transfer, 312-328
Errors
distribution of, 48
random, 44
systematic, 44
Error statements, 56-58
Exothermic reaction, 215
effect of temperature on, and equilibrium constant, 262
Exponent, 5
negative, 29
Exponents
laws of, 8
with units, 29
Fahrenheit scale, 35-38
Faraday, 279-280, 312-314
Faraday s constant, 276, 312
/block elements, 120
First law of thermodynamics, 222
First-order reactions, 233-234, 404
Formation reactions
enthalpy, 216-217
free energy, 283
Formulas, chemical, 102-110
from chemical analyses, 148-150
electron dot 120-121
empirical, 148-150, 332
true, 332
Index
Electron transfer equivalents, 312-313,
321-324
Electron-transfer equivalent weight, 312,
328
Electron-transfer normality, 322-323
Electron-transfer reactions, 269
Electrorefimng, 311
Elements
absolute entropies of, 286-287
valence states of 103-104
Empirical formula, 148, 332
Endothermic reaction, 216
effect of temperature on equilibrium
constant of, 262
End-overlap of orbitals, 134-135
Endpomt
of acid-base titration, 195
of permanganate titration, 198
Endpomt equivalents, 319, 322
indicators (acid base), 366
pH, 344, 365
Energy
activation, 243-245
covalent bond, 113-115
nuclear, 403
English units, 34
Enthalpy, 213. 221-222
of activation, 243-245
of combustion, 218-219
diagram for reaction, 246
of formation, 216-217
of neutralization, 219
of reaction, 215-219
of reaction and equilibrium constant,
261-263
of transition, 212-214
Entropy, 214
absolute, 286-287
of reaction, 284-288
of transition, 214-215, 286
unit, 215
Equations, balancing, 107-108
electron-transfer reactions with halfreactions, 292
electron transfer reactions without
half reactions, 295-297
electron-transfer reactions with or
game compounds, 297-299
general guidelines, 300
ionic, 413-414
molecular, 107-108, 299
nuclear, 401-402
Equations, half reaction, 292-294
Equilibrium
acid-base, 349-366
complex ions, 389-397
electron-transfer, 278-284
gaseous, 254-264
insoluble solid, 372
simultaneous acid-base, 359-362
simultaneous, with complex ions,
395-397
simultaneous, with insoluble solids,
380-383
Equilibrium constant, 254-255
determination of, 255-256
effect of partial pressure on, 257-259
effect of pressure change on, 256-257
effect of temperature on, 261-263
and free energy, 281-283
table of values for acids and bases, 351
table of values for aquo metal ions, 393
table of values for complex ions, 391
table of values for gases, 257
table of values for solubility, 374
Equilibrium position
effect of partial pressure on, 257-259
effect of pressure on, 256-257
effect of temperature on, 261-263
Equivalence point, 365
Equivalents
acid-base, 318-321
electrical, 312-314
electron-transfer, 312-313 321-324
at endpomt, 319, 322
Equivalent weight
acid base, 319
electron-transfer, 312-328
Errors
distribution of, 48
random, 44
systematic, 44
Error statements, 56-58
Exothermic reaction, 215
effect of temperature on, and equilibrium constant, 262
Exponent, 5
negative, 29
Exponents
laws of, 8
with units, 29
Fahrenheit scale, 35-38
Faraday, 279-280, 312-314
Faraday s constant, 276, 312
/block elements, 120
First law of thermodynamics, 222
First-order reactions, 233-234, 404
Formation reactions
enthalpy, 216-217
free energy, 283
Formulas, chemical, 102-110
from chemical analyses, 148-150
electron dot 120-121
empirical, 148-150, 332
true, 332