Evolution of Cellular Systems 15
mode, except that it is more secure. The mobile or the system can initiate operation with
a private long code mask by transmitting a “Long Code Transition” order after the call
is set up.
1.5 Third Generation Cellular Systems
Third generation (3G) systems provided the higher data rates along with the higher
voice capacity and also the advanced features such as applications like multimedia. The
planning for the 3G was started in the early 1990s, with the invitation of proposals by
International Telecommunications Union (ITU) known as IMT‐2000. They started
with the investigation of spectrum for these systems. The goal was to implement specifications for global harmony for mobile communication, which is able to initiate global
interoperability by providing lower costs. ITU set the requirements for the data rates as
the criterion for IMT‐2000:
● in building or fixed environment data rates of 2 Mbps;
● for urban environments of 384 kbps of data rates; and
● 144 kbps for vehicular wide area environments.
Apart from the above requirements, the 3G systems were also intended to provide
better quality of Service (QoS) for voice telephony and interactive gaming to internet
browsing, e‐mailing, and streaming multimedia applications.
1.5.1 CDMA 2000
The 3G standard for IS‐95 was known as CDMA 2000 by the CDMA community.
In 1999, the standard committee named as the third generation partnership project 2
(3GPP2), took the responsibility of official standardization process of CDMA 2000
from the development group Qualcomm and CDMA. CDMA 2000‐1X was the first
version of IS‐95, where the channel bandwidth of 1.25 MHz was the same as IS‐95. The
data capability was enhanced by adding supplemental channels, which were actually
separate logical channel. The capacity of each individual of fundamental channel was
9.6 kbps, where the capacity increased to 307 kbps by using the multiple supplemental
channels. As this specification of channel capacity was in accordance with 3G requirements, it was instead called 2.5G. Gradually, in the version of CDMA 2000‐3X, the
data rate increased to 2 Mbps by using multiple carriers. Coherent modulation was
introduced to improve the uplink channel quality. The capabilities of antennas were
advanced by using transmit diversity and incorporating beam steering option. The key
point of these upgrades was the backward compatibility. Both A and B versions of
IS‐95 and CDMA could be implemented in the same carrier, which is convenient for
migration of those technologies [20].
1.5.2 UMTS WCDMA
As the popularity of GSM was at its peak, a joint collaboration was formed named
3GPP in 1998 by six regional telecommunication bodies from all over the world. The
purpose was to continue the development of UMTS along with other standards of GSM.
mode, except that it is more secure. The mobile or the system can initiate operation with
a private long code mask by transmitting a “Long Code Transition” order after the call
is set up.
1.5 Third Generation Cellular Systems
Third generation (3G) systems provided the higher data rates along with the higher
voice capacity and also the advanced features such as applications like multimedia. The
planning for the 3G was started in the early 1990s, with the invitation of proposals by
International Telecommunications Union (ITU) known as IMT‐2000. They started
with the investigation of spectrum for these systems. The goal was to implement specifications for global harmony for mobile communication, which is able to initiate global
interoperability by providing lower costs. ITU set the requirements for the data rates as
the criterion for IMT‐2000:
● in building or fixed environment data rates of 2 Mbps;
● for urban environments of 384 kbps of data rates; and
● 144 kbps for vehicular wide area environments.
Apart from the above requirements, the 3G systems were also intended to provide
better quality of Service (QoS) for voice telephony and interactive gaming to internet
browsing, e‐mailing, and streaming multimedia applications.
1.5.1 CDMA 2000
The 3G standard for IS‐95 was known as CDMA 2000 by the CDMA community.
In 1999, the standard committee named as the third generation partnership project 2
(3GPP2), took the responsibility of official standardization process of CDMA 2000
from the development group Qualcomm and CDMA. CDMA 2000‐1X was the first
version of IS‐95, where the channel bandwidth of 1.25 MHz was the same as IS‐95. The
data capability was enhanced by adding supplemental channels, which were actually
separate logical channel. The capacity of each individual of fundamental channel was
9.6 kbps, where the capacity increased to 307 kbps by using the multiple supplemental
channels. As this specification of channel capacity was in accordance with 3G requirements, it was instead called 2.5G. Gradually, in the version of CDMA 2000‐3X, the
data rate increased to 2 Mbps by using multiple carriers. Coherent modulation was
introduced to improve the uplink channel quality. The capabilities of antennas were
advanced by using transmit diversity and incorporating beam steering option. The key
point of these upgrades was the backward compatibility. Both A and B versions of
IS‐95 and CDMA could be implemented in the same carrier, which is convenient for
migration of those technologies [20].
1.5.2 UMTS WCDMA
As the popularity of GSM was at its peak, a joint collaboration was formed named
3GPP in 1998 by six regional telecommunication bodies from all over the world. The
purpose was to continue the development of UMTS along with other standards of GSM.