5G-WLAN Security 145
becoming most challenging in 5G Heterogeneous Networks. Security management in
5G networks is difficult to handle in micro cells, where users join and leave frequently.
In addition, nodes will have frequent handover to different heterogeneous networks.
On the other hand, authentications in small cells also introduce unnecessary latency.
Access of 5G networks will be heterogeneous with respect to the properties of link layer,
network bandwidth, end‐to‐end latency and availability, for example, extremely high
frequency communication with millimeter (mm) radios. Thus, 5G networks offer
super‐high throughput with low latency, but only in very small cells. To achieve this,
there will be new challenges such as ramping up TCP session sending rates with peers
over the Internet. In addition, constrained networks (6LoWPAN) in IoT scenarios are
evolving, which need low‐bandwidth radios in GAIA.
Tracing out a good network abstraction for heterogeneous networks is significant to
achieve the goal of 5G networks. The most crucial challenge is with the physical scarcity
of radio spectrum allocated for radio communications. State‐of‐the‐art cellular
frequencies are using ultra‐high‐frequency bands for mobile phones, normally ranging
from several 100 MHz to several GHz [3,4]. Hence, these frequency spectrum bands are
heavily used, making it difficult for cellular operators to acquire more spectrum bands.
Apart from this, another challenge with the deployment of advanced wireless technologies comes at the cost of high node and network energy consumption. The increase of
node and network energy consumption in wireless communication systems results in
an increase in CO 2 emissions that is considered to be a major threat to the future
environment. In addition, based on reports from cellular operators, the energy consumption of base stations (BSs) contributes to over 70% of overall electricity consumption of cellular networks [5]. Even though energy‐efficient communication was not the
initial requirement of 4G wireless systems, later it was recognized as an important issue
to conserve node and network energy consumption. Apart from this, other challenges
are average spectral efficiency, high data rate and high mobility, seamless coverage,
diverse quality of service (QoS) requirements, and fragmented user experience.
Due to the above‐mentioned issues, there is an increased pressure on cellular service
providers, who are currently facing continuous increasing demand for high data rates,
wider network capacity, increased spectral efficiency, higher energy efficiency
and higher mobility required through new wireless applications. On the other hand,
currently deployed 4G networks have almost reached the theoretical limit on the data
rate with existing technologies. This shows that current 4G networks are not sufficient
to accommodate the above challenges. Therefore, it requires ground‐breaking wireless
technologies to solve the above issues caused by trillions of mobile devices. Researchers
and mobile operators have already started to investigate the networks beyond 4G
(B4G), which are named as 5G wireless techniques. 5G networks are expected to be
standardized around 2020. It is expected and widely agreed that compared to the 4G
network, the 5G network should attain 1000 times the system capacity, 10 times the
spectral efficiency, energy efficiency and data rate (i.e. peak data rate of 10 Gb/s for low
mobility and peak data rate of 1 Gb/s for high mobility), and 25 times the average cell
throughput [5].
The objective of 5G networks is to connect to the entire world (anywhere
(Ubiquitous), anything (IoT)), and achieve seamless communications between people‐
to‐people, people‐to‐machine, and machine‐to‐machine wherever they are (anywhere),
whenever they need (anytime), and by whatever electronic devices/services/networks
becoming most challenging in 5G Heterogeneous Networks. Security management in
5G networks is difficult to handle in micro cells, where users join and leave frequently.
In addition, nodes will have frequent handover to different heterogeneous networks.
On the other hand, authentications in small cells also introduce unnecessary latency.
Access of 5G networks will be heterogeneous with respect to the properties of link layer,
network bandwidth, end‐to‐end latency and availability, for example, extremely high
frequency communication with millimeter (mm) radios. Thus, 5G networks offer
super‐high throughput with low latency, but only in very small cells. To achieve this,
there will be new challenges such as ramping up TCP session sending rates with peers
over the Internet. In addition, constrained networks (6LoWPAN) in IoT scenarios are
evolving, which need low‐bandwidth radios in GAIA.
Tracing out a good network abstraction for heterogeneous networks is significant to
achieve the goal of 5G networks. The most crucial challenge is with the physical scarcity
of radio spectrum allocated for radio communications. State‐of‐the‐art cellular
frequencies are using ultra‐high‐frequency bands for mobile phones, normally ranging
from several 100 MHz to several GHz [3,4]. Hence, these frequency spectrum bands are
heavily used, making it difficult for cellular operators to acquire more spectrum bands.
Apart from this, another challenge with the deployment of advanced wireless technologies comes at the cost of high node and network energy consumption. The increase of
node and network energy consumption in wireless communication systems results in
an increase in CO 2 emissions that is considered to be a major threat to the future
environment. In addition, based on reports from cellular operators, the energy consumption of base stations (BSs) contributes to over 70% of overall electricity consumption of cellular networks [5]. Even though energy‐efficient communication was not the
initial requirement of 4G wireless systems, later it was recognized as an important issue
to conserve node and network energy consumption. Apart from this, other challenges
are average spectral efficiency, high data rate and high mobility, seamless coverage,
diverse quality of service (QoS) requirements, and fragmented user experience.
Due to the above‐mentioned issues, there is an increased pressure on cellular service
providers, who are currently facing continuous increasing demand for high data rates,
wider network capacity, increased spectral efficiency, higher energy efficiency
and higher mobility required through new wireless applications. On the other hand,
currently deployed 4G networks have almost reached the theoretical limit on the data
rate with existing technologies. This shows that current 4G networks are not sufficient
to accommodate the above challenges. Therefore, it requires ground‐breaking wireless
technologies to solve the above issues caused by trillions of mobile devices. Researchers
and mobile operators have already started to investigate the networks beyond 4G
(B4G), which are named as 5G wireless techniques. 5G networks are expected to be
standardized around 2020. It is expected and widely agreed that compared to the 4G
network, the 5G network should attain 1000 times the system capacity, 10 times the
spectral efficiency, energy efficiency and data rate (i.e. peak data rate of 10 Gb/s for low
mobility and peak data rate of 1 Gb/s for high mobility), and 25 times the average cell
throughput [5].
The objective of 5G networks is to connect to the entire world (anywhere
(Ubiquitous), anything (IoT)), and achieve seamless communications between people‐
to‐people, people‐to‐machine, and machine‐to‐machine wherever they are (anywhere),
whenever they need (anytime), and by whatever electronic devices/services/networks