120
S. Lakshmana Prabu et al.
b. Ultra filtration
c. Nano filtration
d. Ion exchange
e. Reverse osmosis.
2.4 Type of Materials
Natural or synthetic polymeric membranes are used in the membrane separation
process.
Natural membrane materials—Wool, cellulose and rubber (polyisoprene).
Synthetic membrane materials—polystyrene, polyamide and polytetrafluoroethylene
(Teflon).
Inorganic non-polymeric membrane materials—Metal, ceramic, zeolites and carbon.
Hybrid membrane materials—Mixed matrix membranes of both inorganic and
organic compounds.
Biopolar membranes—Made with different ionic charge materials (https://www.
asahi-kasei.co.jp/membrane/microza/en/kiso/kiso_1.html; https://www.separatio
nprocesses.com/Membrane/MT_Chp03.htm; Mohan et al. 2014).
2.5 Ion Exchange
Ion exchange—Effluent is passed through a ion exchange bed, which removes the
undesirable ions and replace with less objectionable ones. Ion exchange water softener is the most common process used in water treatment. By making an appropriate
design and operation, this process can remove selected ions completely. It is a very
versatile and effective process to remove water soluble hazardous materials from
textile dye effluent. This process can be used to remove the particular ions as well as
to concentrate the pollutants.
Some common ion exchangers are
• H
+ (proton) and OH
− (hydroxide).
• Monovalent charged ions like Na
+ , K
+ , and Cl
− .
• Divalent charged ions like Ca
2+ and Mg
2+ .
• Polyatomic inorganic ions like SO 4
2− and PO 4
3− .
• Organic bases containing amine functional groups like −NR 2 H
+ .
• Organic acids containing carboxylic group as function group −COO
− (https://tex
tilelearner.blogspot.com/2012/05/base-exchange-ion-exchange-water.html; Lin
and Chen 1997a, b; Parameswaran et al. 2014; Wawrzkiewicz and Hubicki 2015).
S. Lakshmana Prabu et al.
b. Ultra filtration
c. Nano filtration
d. Ion exchange
e. Reverse osmosis.
2.4 Type of Materials
Natural or synthetic polymeric membranes are used in the membrane separation
process.
Natural membrane materials—Wool, cellulose and rubber (polyisoprene).
Synthetic membrane materials—polystyrene, polyamide and polytetrafluoroethylene
(Teflon).
Inorganic non-polymeric membrane materials—Metal, ceramic, zeolites and carbon.
Hybrid membrane materials—Mixed matrix membranes of both inorganic and
organic compounds.
Biopolar membranes—Made with different ionic charge materials (https://www.
asahi-kasei.co.jp/membrane/microza/en/kiso/kiso_1.html; https://www.separatio
nprocesses.com/Membrane/MT_Chp03.htm; Mohan et al. 2014).
2.5 Ion Exchange
Ion exchange—Effluent is passed through a ion exchange bed, which removes the
undesirable ions and replace with less objectionable ones. Ion exchange water softener is the most common process used in water treatment. By making an appropriate
design and operation, this process can remove selected ions completely. It is a very
versatile and effective process to remove water soluble hazardous materials from
textile dye effluent. This process can be used to remove the particular ions as well as
to concentrate the pollutants.
Some common ion exchangers are
• H
+ (proton) and OH
− (hydroxide).
• Monovalent charged ions like Na
+ , K
+ , and Cl
− .
• Divalent charged ions like Ca
2+ and Mg
2+ .
• Polyatomic inorganic ions like SO 4
2− and PO 4
3− .
• Organic bases containing amine functional groups like −NR 2 H
+ .
• Organic acids containing carboxylic group as function group −COO
− (https://tex
tilelearner.blogspot.com/2012/05/base-exchange-ion-exchange-water.html; Lin
and Chen 1997a, b; Parameswaran et al. 2014; Wawrzkiewicz and Hubicki 2015).