21
culated using the mass of the dominant isotope of each element, rounded to the
nearest integer value of the mass number, also known as the “number of nucleons.”
But real isotope masses are not exact integers. They vary poorly in relation to their
summable values of their constituents such as protons, neutrons, and electrons.
These differences, called “mass defects,” are equivalent to the binding energy that
holds these particles together.
Therefore, each isotope has a unique and characteristic defect mass. Monoisotopic
masses, which are included in the calculations of these mass defects, are calculated
using the exact mass of the most common isotope for each constituent element in a
molecule. The difference between the mean mass, the nominal mass, and the
monoisotopic mass can be several Da units, depending on the number of atoms and
their isotopic composition. Mass spectrometers must operate under high vacuum
(low atmospheric pressure). This is necessary because of the ability to allow ions to
reach the detector without colliding with molecules of other gases (Krauss
et al. 2010).
The development of mass spectrometry has been directed according to the
requirements of industry, science, and routine laboratories for obtaining greater sensitivity and multifacetedness in maintaining the level of traces and ultratracks. The
development trend of this technique for quantitative and qualitative analysis was
also aimed at minimizing the sample for analysis with improved sensitivity and
lowering the limit of detection and quantification. These features were accompanied
by the need to increase the speed of analysis. Minimizing the sample for analysis
also meant reducing the volume of waste in order to develop a “green chemistry”
approach. The development of new techniques for the application of mass spectrometry as a quantitative technique was also aimed at proving the accuracy and
precision of analytical data.
1.4 Generating Data Matrix (What to Do
with Informations?)
1.4.1 Generating of Hypotheses: Accurate Research Pathway
Different types of hypotheses stand out in the theory: ad hoc hypothesis (preliminary hypothesis), working hypothesis, auxiliary hypothesis, and scientific hypothesis. Hypothesis setting has a great importance in scientific research work. Hypothesis
setting shows the extent to which we have mastered the material we are researching
and is a sure orientation in our further work. The formulation of the working hypothesis is an assumption for which we have certain data useful at a certain stage of our
research. The auxiliary hypothesis serves the basic or working hypothesis and as
such helps the working hypothesis to be easier to verify. However, the main significance of the hypothesis is in its guiding role in research. It can impose new facts and
information on us, put us in a position to check it and prove it, or put us in a position
to discard certain insignificant parts or supplement it with new knowledge, to
1 General Aspects of Environmental Degradation vs. Technological Development…
culated using the mass of the dominant isotope of each element, rounded to the
nearest integer value of the mass number, also known as the “number of nucleons.”
But real isotope masses are not exact integers. They vary poorly in relation to their
summable values of their constituents such as protons, neutrons, and electrons.
These differences, called “mass defects,” are equivalent to the binding energy that
holds these particles together.
Therefore, each isotope has a unique and characteristic defect mass. Monoisotopic
masses, which are included in the calculations of these mass defects, are calculated
using the exact mass of the most common isotope for each constituent element in a
molecule. The difference between the mean mass, the nominal mass, and the
monoisotopic mass can be several Da units, depending on the number of atoms and
their isotopic composition. Mass spectrometers must operate under high vacuum
(low atmospheric pressure). This is necessary because of the ability to allow ions to
reach the detector without colliding with molecules of other gases (Krauss
et al. 2010).
The development of mass spectrometry has been directed according to the
requirements of industry, science, and routine laboratories for obtaining greater sensitivity and multifacetedness in maintaining the level of traces and ultratracks. The
development trend of this technique for quantitative and qualitative analysis was
also aimed at minimizing the sample for analysis with improved sensitivity and
lowering the limit of detection and quantification. These features were accompanied
by the need to increase the speed of analysis. Minimizing the sample for analysis
also meant reducing the volume of waste in order to develop a “green chemistry”
approach. The development of new techniques for the application of mass spectrometry as a quantitative technique was also aimed at proving the accuracy and
precision of analytical data.
1.4 Generating Data Matrix (What to Do
with Informations?)
1.4.1 Generating of Hypotheses: Accurate Research Pathway
Different types of hypotheses stand out in the theory: ad hoc hypothesis (preliminary hypothesis), working hypothesis, auxiliary hypothesis, and scientific hypothesis. Hypothesis setting has a great importance in scientific research work. Hypothesis
setting shows the extent to which we have mastered the material we are researching
and is a sure orientation in our further work. The formulation of the working hypothesis is an assumption for which we have certain data useful at a certain stage of our
research. The auxiliary hypothesis serves the basic or working hypothesis and as
such helps the working hypothesis to be easier to verify. However, the main significance of the hypothesis is in its guiding role in research. It can impose new facts and
information on us, put us in a position to check it and prove it, or put us in a position
to discard certain insignificant parts or supplement it with new knowledge, to
1 General Aspects of Environmental Degradation vs. Technological Development…