Carbon Footprint of Food Waste Management: A Case …
45
Following the food supply chain steps (Fig. 1), at the wholesale stage, CEASA is
the main center of food distribution in the state of Rio de Janeiro [6]. There are six
units spread around the state area which are responsible for more than 1 million of
tons of food commercialized by around 800 companies. The unit located at city of Rio
de Janeiro is the second largest food trade facility in Latin America. Besides CEASA,
the city has another wholesale market named CADEG, the Municipal Market of the
City of Rio de Janeiro, located inside the urban area.
From the wholesalers, the food is transported and distributed to the retail markets
and street fairs, the final destination before the individual consumer. The retail
markets are represented by the main supermarket companies in the city, as indicated by Rio de Janeiro Waste Management Report [36]. On the other hand, the
street fairs are evaluated based on the street fair location report provided by the Rio
de Janeiro city hall [34], which is responsible for its commercialization allowance.
In this chapter, it was considered the municipal solid waste management applied
for the current scenario. The waste management chain is composed by five transfer
stations (WTS Caju, WTS Jacarepaguá, WTS Marechal Hermes, WTS Santa Cruz
and WTS Bangu) and the municipal sanitary landfill (Seropédica), as presented in
Fig. 3, which also indicates the five planning areas (PA) of the city.
For the alternative scenario (Fig. 2), it was also considered an AD treatment
unit which was incorporated into the OFMSW management. For this purpose, data
report of biogas and biosolid generation in the first semi-industrial SSAD garage-type
system located at ETR Caju area (EcoParque-Caju) was taken into account, with treatment capacity about 30 t OFMSW·day
−1 (corresponding to about 50 thousand inhabitants. Regarding biogas production, it is estimated a biogas yield of 101.9 m
3 .t
−1
OFMSW, with 76% as the maximum methane content. This amount allows an estimated energy recovery of 3,379 kW per month, that could be used as electric or
thermal energy, besides biomethane fuel. On the other hand, the system is able to
produce 480 kg·t
−1 OFMSW of biosolids, which is a stabilized organic material
rich in nutrients that has agricultural potential to be used as organic compost or soil
conditioner [31].
5 Results and Discussion
Considering the first step of the food supply chain, which is the primary production,
the city of Rio de Janeiro is supplied by the entire state of Rio de Janeiro, which has
the majority (78% of the total food production) of fruit and vegetable, corresponding
to 9,379.53 t·day
−1 . Considering the last years with available data (2018 and 2019),
animal-derived products, such as milk and eggs, were responsible for 10% of the total
food produced (12,049.93 t·day
−1 ), followed by fish (722.83 t·day
−1 ), meat (889.53
t·day
−1 ) and grains (146.20 t·day
−1 ).
The food processing establishments are located in metropolitan region of Rio de
Janeiro, comprising Niterói, São Gonçalo and Duque de Caxias municipalities. In
45
Following the food supply chain steps (Fig. 1), at the wholesale stage, CEASA is
the main center of food distribution in the state of Rio de Janeiro [6]. There are six
units spread around the state area which are responsible for more than 1 million of
tons of food commercialized by around 800 companies. The unit located at city of Rio
de Janeiro is the second largest food trade facility in Latin America. Besides CEASA,
the city has another wholesale market named CADEG, the Municipal Market of the
City of Rio de Janeiro, located inside the urban area.
From the wholesalers, the food is transported and distributed to the retail markets
and street fairs, the final destination before the individual consumer. The retail
markets are represented by the main supermarket companies in the city, as indicated by Rio de Janeiro Waste Management Report [36]. On the other hand, the
street fairs are evaluated based on the street fair location report provided by the Rio
de Janeiro city hall [34], which is responsible for its commercialization allowance.
In this chapter, it was considered the municipal solid waste management applied
for the current scenario. The waste management chain is composed by five transfer
stations (WTS Caju, WTS Jacarepaguá, WTS Marechal Hermes, WTS Santa Cruz
and WTS Bangu) and the municipal sanitary landfill (Seropédica), as presented in
Fig. 3, which also indicates the five planning areas (PA) of the city.
For the alternative scenario (Fig. 2), it was also considered an AD treatment
unit which was incorporated into the OFMSW management. For this purpose, data
report of biogas and biosolid generation in the first semi-industrial SSAD garage-type
system located at ETR Caju area (EcoParque-Caju) was taken into account, with treatment capacity about 30 t OFMSW·day
−1 (corresponding to about 50 thousand inhabitants. Regarding biogas production, it is estimated a biogas yield of 101.9 m
3 .t
−1
OFMSW, with 76% as the maximum methane content. This amount allows an estimated energy recovery of 3,379 kW per month, that could be used as electric or
thermal energy, besides biomethane fuel. On the other hand, the system is able to
produce 480 kg·t
−1 OFMSW of biosolids, which is a stabilized organic material
rich in nutrients that has agricultural potential to be used as organic compost or soil
conditioner [31].
5 Results and Discussion
Considering the first step of the food supply chain, which is the primary production,
the city of Rio de Janeiro is supplied by the entire state of Rio de Janeiro, which has
the majority (78% of the total food production) of fruit and vegetable, corresponding
to 9,379.53 t·day
−1 . Considering the last years with available data (2018 and 2019),
animal-derived products, such as milk and eggs, were responsible for 10% of the total
food produced (12,049.93 t·day
−1 ), followed by fish (722.83 t·day
−1 ), meat (889.53
t·day
−1 ) and grains (146.20 t·day
−1 ).
The food processing establishments are located in metropolitan region of Rio de
Janeiro, comprising Niterói, São Gonçalo and Duque de Caxias municipalities. In