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M. Gautam and M. Agrawal
process with emission control; therefore its application in most of the developing
nations has been restricted because of less availability of resources to install the
incineration facilities in MSW management system. There must be subsidies for
installation of incinerators in developed countries combined with environmental
standards for energy efficiencies [91]. Tax exemptions must be applied for electricity generation using incinerators and for energy recovery from wastes [35]. In
many European countries, landfill taxes have been implemented to alleviate the cost
of landfilling and financial allocation has been made for the installation of incinerators, combustion chambers, and mechanical biological treatment infrastructure
[35].
8.7 Reclamation of Abandoned Dumpsites by Vegetation
Landfilling is the most ordinarily used technique in some developed and most developing nations to manage MSW. The disposal of MSW in landfills entails a number of
environmental issues such as noxious gaseous emissions including GHGs, leachates
and surface runoff carrying contaminants contaminating water and soil. These problems raise concerns about harmful impacts on human health and plants. Landfill
dumpsite can interrupt the vegetation pattern of native species and create space for
invasive as well as synanthropic plant species. Even though engineered techniques
are available to manage waste disposal sites but reclamation by vegetation is the
only long-term and sustainable approach to manage such dumpsites [27]. Reclamation of dumpsites not only improves soil properties through mycorrhizal symbiosis
and improved soil enzymatic activities but also prevents leaching and surface runoff.
Besides, green cover, it reduces emission of GHGs from the disposal site [76, 77].
9 Conclusions
The municipal solid waste (MSW) is mainly categorized into inorganic and organic
components and its physico–chemical properties are prominently influenced by the
geographical location, economic development, climatic condition, cultural norms,
and energy sources. Management of MSW includes collection, transportation, segregation, material recycling, anaerobic digestion, composting, incineration, and landfill
with energy-recovery system, wherein disposal at landfill sites is the most common
practice of waste management in most of the developing nations. The emanation of
greenhouse gases (CH 4, CO 2, and N 2 O) associated with MSW management is the
fourth largest contributor of GHGs in atmosphere accountable for global warming
as well as climate change and causes adverse effects on socioeconomic and environmental facets. Life cycle assessment of MSW management reveals that landfill (CH 4 > CO 2 > N 2 O) followed by anaerobic digestion (CH 4 > CO 2 > N 2 O),
composting (CO 2 > CH 4 > N 2 O), incineration (CO 2 ), and transportation (CH 4, CO 2,
M. Gautam and M. Agrawal
process with emission control; therefore its application in most of the developing
nations has been restricted because of less availability of resources to install the
incineration facilities in MSW management system. There must be subsidies for
installation of incinerators in developed countries combined with environmental
standards for energy efficiencies [91]. Tax exemptions must be applied for electricity generation using incinerators and for energy recovery from wastes [35]. In
many European countries, landfill taxes have been implemented to alleviate the cost
of landfilling and financial allocation has been made for the installation of incinerators, combustion chambers, and mechanical biological treatment infrastructure
[35].
8.7 Reclamation of Abandoned Dumpsites by Vegetation
Landfilling is the most ordinarily used technique in some developed and most developing nations to manage MSW. The disposal of MSW in landfills entails a number of
environmental issues such as noxious gaseous emissions including GHGs, leachates
and surface runoff carrying contaminants contaminating water and soil. These problems raise concerns about harmful impacts on human health and plants. Landfill
dumpsite can interrupt the vegetation pattern of native species and create space for
invasive as well as synanthropic plant species. Even though engineered techniques
are available to manage waste disposal sites but reclamation by vegetation is the
only long-term and sustainable approach to manage such dumpsites [27]. Reclamation of dumpsites not only improves soil properties through mycorrhizal symbiosis
and improved soil enzymatic activities but also prevents leaching and surface runoff.
Besides, green cover, it reduces emission of GHGs from the disposal site [76, 77].
9 Conclusions
The municipal solid waste (MSW) is mainly categorized into inorganic and organic
components and its physico–chemical properties are prominently influenced by the
geographical location, economic development, climatic condition, cultural norms,
and energy sources. Management of MSW includes collection, transportation, segregation, material recycling, anaerobic digestion, composting, incineration, and landfill
with energy-recovery system, wherein disposal at landfill sites is the most common
practice of waste management in most of the developing nations. The emanation of
greenhouse gases (CH 4, CO 2, and N 2 O) associated with MSW management is the
fourth largest contributor of GHGs in atmosphere accountable for global warming
as well as climate change and causes adverse effects on socioeconomic and environmental facets. Life cycle assessment of MSW management reveals that landfill (CH 4 > CO 2 > N 2 O) followed by anaerobic digestion (CH 4 > CO 2 > N 2 O),
composting (CO 2 > CH 4 > N 2 O), incineration (CO 2 ), and transportation (CH 4, CO 2,