Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Municipal Solid Waste Management …
153
along with reduction in biodegradable wastes and economic as well as regulatory
incentives are the most probable options to combat the issues of global warming as
well as climate change (Table 7).
8.4 Controlled Composting and Anaerobic Digestion
Aerobic composting produces CO 2 and to lesser extent CH 4 and N 2 O. Poorly
managed composting such as wet compost in warm countries results in even higher
generation of N 2 O and CH 4 [35, 64]. A study conducted at the Griffith University of
Queensland, Australia showed high generation of CH 4 from unmanaged household
compost bins [35]. Therefore, organic wastes at home must be routinely composted
in aerated chamber. Composting in controlled manner is thus essential to reduce
CO 2 emission and anaerobic is better substitute to aerobic composting. This not only
reduced biodegradable proportion of waste but in absence of oxygen is essential,
which offers twin benefits such as generation of CH 4 , which can further be utilized as
a source of energy and compost for organic farming. However, both anaerobic digestion and composting have their own advantages. Additional benefits of controlled
composting are mentioned in Table 7.
8.5 Utilization of MSW Compost as Manure
Utilization of MSW compost as manure is receiving a greater attention due to less
availability of land area for waste disposal, high waste management costs, and
the associated environmental problems. Agricultural and horticultural utilization of
MSW compost is one of the cost-operative and most promising options for MSW
management [50, 83], which not only merely decreases the adverse effects of MSW
on the society and environment but also supplements nutritive value to the land and
plants. However, there are several studies that negate the agricultural application of
MSW compost due to food chain contamination of heavy metals and faecal pathogens
[79]. Gautam and Agrawal [26] exclaimed the utilization of MSW as compost for
cultivation of oil yielding crops such as mustard, lemongrass, and vetiver to eliminate
the food chain contamination of metals. The additional socioeconomic and environmental welfares of utilization of MSW compost at land application are illustrated in
Table 7.
8.6 State-of-the-Art Incineration
Incineration is a thermal process under controlled condition of temperature and pressure to exploit the energy from postconsumer wastes. Incineration is a cost-incentive
153
along with reduction in biodegradable wastes and economic as well as regulatory
incentives are the most probable options to combat the issues of global warming as
well as climate change (Table 7).
8.4 Controlled Composting and Anaerobic Digestion
Aerobic composting produces CO 2 and to lesser extent CH 4 and N 2 O. Poorly
managed composting such as wet compost in warm countries results in even higher
generation of N 2 O and CH 4 [35, 64]. A study conducted at the Griffith University of
Queensland, Australia showed high generation of CH 4 from unmanaged household
compost bins [35]. Therefore, organic wastes at home must be routinely composted
in aerated chamber. Composting in controlled manner is thus essential to reduce
CO 2 emission and anaerobic is better substitute to aerobic composting. This not only
reduced biodegradable proportion of waste but in absence of oxygen is essential,
which offers twin benefits such as generation of CH 4 , which can further be utilized as
a source of energy and compost for organic farming. However, both anaerobic digestion and composting have their own advantages. Additional benefits of controlled
composting are mentioned in Table 7.
8.5 Utilization of MSW Compost as Manure
Utilization of MSW compost as manure is receiving a greater attention due to less
availability of land area for waste disposal, high waste management costs, and
the associated environmental problems. Agricultural and horticultural utilization of
MSW compost is one of the cost-operative and most promising options for MSW
management [50, 83], which not only merely decreases the adverse effects of MSW
on the society and environment but also supplements nutritive value to the land and
plants. However, there are several studies that negate the agricultural application of
MSW compost due to food chain contamination of heavy metals and faecal pathogens
[79]. Gautam and Agrawal [26] exclaimed the utilization of MSW as compost for
cultivation of oil yielding crops such as mustard, lemongrass, and vetiver to eliminate
the food chain contamination of metals. The additional socioeconomic and environmental welfares of utilization of MSW compost at land application are illustrated in
Table 7.
8.6 State-of-the-Art Incineration
Incineration is a thermal process under controlled condition of temperature and pressure to exploit the energy from postconsumer wastes. Incineration is a cost-incentive