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M. Gautam and M. Agrawal
• Reutilization of wastes wherever possible
• Recycling of the end products toward their useful life
• Recovery of the energy or materials from the wastes
• Managing the residuals in an environmentally comprehensive way
8.2 Waste Segregation
Sorting of MSW into organic/biodegradable and nondegradable components at point
source such as at domestic level are cooperative to their further segregation into
biodegradable, combustible, recyclables, hazardous, infectious, and inert wastes.
Segregation of wastes at waste facility center incurs energy, which in turn emits
GHG gases to lesser extent but this step plays a substantial role in managing the
waste at further levels and helps in minimizing CO 2 , CH 4 , and N 2 O [5, 88]. The
associated benefits of waste segregation in MSW management are stated in Table 7.
8.3 Improved Landfill Practices
In developing nations, mostly wastes are disposed of in an unscientific way after
treatment, which lead to several environmental problems such as leaching, surface
runoff, GHGs emissions, and ultimately affect the living beings. Developed nations
such as the USA, Japan, European countries have scientifically engineered landfills
for the disposal of wastes/residues. Sanitary landfill is protected with side and bottom
liners where stabilized and unrecoverable waste is buried in layers following solid
waste management guidelines [8]. The waste is compressed to save space and covered
with an inert layer with vents for gases for recovery and a bottom drainage network
to collect leachates.
From the waste sector, the major GHG emissions are landfill CH 4 and to lesser
extent CO 2 and N 2 O. There are primarily two key strategies to reduce CH 4 emission from landfill sites, i.e., reduction in the quantity of biodegradable waste and
implementation of guidelines/standards/policies to reassure the retrieval of CH 4 from
landfills. In the USA, Clean Air Act (CAA) and New Source Performance Standards
(NSPS) are applied to landfill generation model to manage CH 4 emissions. Similarly,
in European countries, there is a marked phase reduction in landfilled biodegradable
wastes from 1995 to 2005 (by 50%) and 2016 (by 35%) following the European
Union landfill directive (1999/31/EC) accompanied with collection and flaring of
gases at landfill sites [5]. Recovery of gases and reduction in biodegradable components are beneficial to regulatory and economic incentives. Increased landfill taxes
including landfilling cost in many countries of Europe have been implemented to
combat the issue of high disposal at landfill sites [35]. Besides, an outreach program at
regular time interval on landfill methane provides technical provision and resources to
manage landfill gases. Being major source of GHG emissions, landfill CH 4 recovery
M. Gautam and M. Agrawal
• Reutilization of wastes wherever possible
• Recycling of the end products toward their useful life
• Recovery of the energy or materials from the wastes
• Managing the residuals in an environmentally comprehensive way
8.2 Waste Segregation
Sorting of MSW into organic/biodegradable and nondegradable components at point
source such as at domestic level are cooperative to their further segregation into
biodegradable, combustible, recyclables, hazardous, infectious, and inert wastes.
Segregation of wastes at waste facility center incurs energy, which in turn emits
GHG gases to lesser extent but this step plays a substantial role in managing the
waste at further levels and helps in minimizing CO 2 , CH 4 , and N 2 O [5, 88]. The
associated benefits of waste segregation in MSW management are stated in Table 7.
8.3 Improved Landfill Practices
In developing nations, mostly wastes are disposed of in an unscientific way after
treatment, which lead to several environmental problems such as leaching, surface
runoff, GHGs emissions, and ultimately affect the living beings. Developed nations
such as the USA, Japan, European countries have scientifically engineered landfills
for the disposal of wastes/residues. Sanitary landfill is protected with side and bottom
liners where stabilized and unrecoverable waste is buried in layers following solid
waste management guidelines [8]. The waste is compressed to save space and covered
with an inert layer with vents for gases for recovery and a bottom drainage network
to collect leachates.
From the waste sector, the major GHG emissions are landfill CH 4 and to lesser
extent CO 2 and N 2 O. There are primarily two key strategies to reduce CH 4 emission from landfill sites, i.e., reduction in the quantity of biodegradable waste and
implementation of guidelines/standards/policies to reassure the retrieval of CH 4 from
landfills. In the USA, Clean Air Act (CAA) and New Source Performance Standards
(NSPS) are applied to landfill generation model to manage CH 4 emissions. Similarly,
in European countries, there is a marked phase reduction in landfilled biodegradable
wastes from 1995 to 2005 (by 50%) and 2016 (by 35%) following the European
Union landfill directive (1999/31/EC) accompanied with collection and flaring of
gases at landfill sites [5]. Recovery of gases and reduction in biodegradable components are beneficial to regulatory and economic incentives. Increased landfill taxes
including landfilling cost in many countries of Europe have been implemented to
combat the issue of high disposal at landfill sites [35]. Besides, an outreach program at
regular time interval on landfill methane provides technical provision and resources to
manage landfill gases. Being major source of GHG emissions, landfill CH 4 recovery