Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Municipal Solid Waste Management …
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up to the depth of 700 m has risen by 0.10 °C [41]. In aquatic environment, many
organisms thrive within their range of temperature tolerance and any increase in
their surrounding temperature may have negative impact on their physiological functioning, metabolic activities, reproductive pattern, and their survival [38, 99]. Yanik
and Aslan [99] reported that increase in sea temperature and ocean acidification is the
primary cause of global extinction of many marine life forms (e.g., phytoplankton,
zooplankton, plants, and animals) and coral bleaching. In 2016, 16 and 54% of corals
were totally and partially bleached, respectively, due to rise in temperature and CO 2
emission [7]
Warming of the ocean causes expansion of water and the addition of water due to
melting of ice on land contributes in sea level rise [41]. GHG emissions and climate
change have led to significant rise in sea surface level from 2010 (54.5 mm) to 2020
(95 mm) [85]. Rise in sea surface level results in erosion, flooding and drowning
of low-lying coastal areas, higher storm-surge flooding, and landward intrusion of
seawater into estuaries and aquifers, which in turn lead to habitat destruction and
biodiversity loss [3, 7].
7.5 Effects on the Terrestrial Ecosystem
Global warming and change in climatic pattern accredited to increased GHGs emissions and release of other harmful constituents such NH 3 and volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) have potential impact on terrestrial ecosystems’ functioning.
Emission of harmful constituents such as VOCs and NH 3 from different stages of
MSW management causes contamination of air, water, and soil. The GHG emissions affect the evapotranspiration, net carbon storage, biodiversity pattern, species
composition, nutrient cycling, and soil dynamics [43]. Wetland and terrestrial plants
are the largest carbon sinks. However, both are also vulnerable to climatic variation accredited to global warming effects. Increase in GHG concentrations in atmosphere is variably and invariably affecting the various components of a plant’s carbon
budget including photosynthesis, respiration, biomass accumulation as well as allocation, metabolic functioning, decomposition, growth and reproductive development
[43, 63].
7.6 Socioeconomic Impacts of GHGs
The GHG emissions from intermediate processes and landfills are sources for several
socioeconomic impacts like human health issues due to the exposure to noxious
gases and to the ground/surface water contamination by leachates [44]. Even though
advanced waste management systems in developed countries are well designed to
reduce emissions but emissions from waste collection points and landfill sites are
of high concern regarding the health of the rag pickers and workers near these sites
147
up to the depth of 700 m has risen by 0.10 °C [41]. In aquatic environment, many
organisms thrive within their range of temperature tolerance and any increase in
their surrounding temperature may have negative impact on their physiological functioning, metabolic activities, reproductive pattern, and their survival [38, 99]. Yanik
and Aslan [99] reported that increase in sea temperature and ocean acidification is the
primary cause of global extinction of many marine life forms (e.g., phytoplankton,
zooplankton, plants, and animals) and coral bleaching. In 2016, 16 and 54% of corals
were totally and partially bleached, respectively, due to rise in temperature and CO 2
emission [7]
Warming of the ocean causes expansion of water and the addition of water due to
melting of ice on land contributes in sea level rise [41]. GHG emissions and climate
change have led to significant rise in sea surface level from 2010 (54.5 mm) to 2020
(95 mm) [85]. Rise in sea surface level results in erosion, flooding and drowning
of low-lying coastal areas, higher storm-surge flooding, and landward intrusion of
seawater into estuaries and aquifers, which in turn lead to habitat destruction and
biodiversity loss [3, 7].
7.5 Effects on the Terrestrial Ecosystem
Global warming and change in climatic pattern accredited to increased GHGs emissions and release of other harmful constituents such NH 3 and volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) have potential impact on terrestrial ecosystems’ functioning.
Emission of harmful constituents such as VOCs and NH 3 from different stages of
MSW management causes contamination of air, water, and soil. The GHG emissions affect the evapotranspiration, net carbon storage, biodiversity pattern, species
composition, nutrient cycling, and soil dynamics [43]. Wetland and terrestrial plants
are the largest carbon sinks. However, both are also vulnerable to climatic variation accredited to global warming effects. Increase in GHG concentrations in atmosphere is variably and invariably affecting the various components of a plant’s carbon
budget including photosynthesis, respiration, biomass accumulation as well as allocation, metabolic functioning, decomposition, growth and reproductive development
[43, 63].
7.6 Socioeconomic Impacts of GHGs
The GHG emissions from intermediate processes and landfills are sources for several
socioeconomic impacts like human health issues due to the exposure to noxious
gases and to the ground/surface water contamination by leachates [44]. Even though
advanced waste management systems in developed countries are well designed to
reduce emissions but emissions from waste collection points and landfill sites are
of high concern regarding the health of the rag pickers and workers near these sites