148
M. Gautam and M. Agrawal
[15]. The exposure to emissions either through direct contact or inhalation and/or
ingestion of contaminated food and water cause several disease such as heart-related
ailments, respiratory problems, skin irritation, metabolic dysfunction, congenital
malformations, nonchromosomal birth defects, reduced birth weight, premature
child, improper growth of child and cancers of the lung, stomach, liver, bile ducts,
cervix, and prostate [15].
Greenhouse gas emissions from waste management system are captivated with
large proportion of economic implications. In high-income countries, operating costs
from collection to final disposal of waste range between US$ 100 and 170 t
−1 ,
while in low to middle income countries, it varies US$ 20 and 50 t
−1 [78]. Global
warming and climatic change due to enhanced GHGs have significant effects on
agriculture, fisheries, horticulture, forestry, animal, and human health, which put
enormous burden on global economy.
8 Mitigation Strategies in GHG Emissions During MSW
Management
Existing practices of waste management can deliver effective mitigation of GHG
emissions from waste sector. A wide range of established, sustainable, and environmentally sound technologies are available to curb GHGs emissions in conjugation
with facilitation of cobenefits such as environmental protection, public health, and
sustainable development. Cumulatively, these available technologies have the potentiality to directly shrink GHG emissions (through improved landfill practices, gas
recovery from landfills, and tautly engineered wastewater management system) or
evade significant generation of GHGs (through state-of-the-art incineration, meticulous composting of organic waste, and expanded waste collection area coverage).
Furthermore, minimization of waste, reutilization, and recycling represent significant steps with huge potential toward indirect minimization of GHG emissions. This
is further attributed to the conservation of raw materials, avoidance of fossil fuel
and improved energy as well as resource efficiency. In many developed countries,
especially Japan and the EU, waste management policies are closely related to and
integrated with climate policies such as IPCC, EPA, and World Bank (Table 7).
8.1 5-R Principle
The principles of the internationally recognized 5-R hierarchy emphasize upon the
resource value and future management of MSW [1, 88]. It plays a vital role in
the reduction of GHG gases and lessens the burden on waste management system
(Table 7). The hierarchy was set to manage the MSW at different levels:
• Reduction of wastes at source
M. Gautam and M. Agrawal
[15]. The exposure to emissions either through direct contact or inhalation and/or
ingestion of contaminated food and water cause several disease such as heart-related
ailments, respiratory problems, skin irritation, metabolic dysfunction, congenital
malformations, nonchromosomal birth defects, reduced birth weight, premature
child, improper growth of child and cancers of the lung, stomach, liver, bile ducts,
cervix, and prostate [15].
Greenhouse gas emissions from waste management system are captivated with
large proportion of economic implications. In high-income countries, operating costs
from collection to final disposal of waste range between US$ 100 and 170 t
−1 ,
while in low to middle income countries, it varies US$ 20 and 50 t
−1 [78]. Global
warming and climatic change due to enhanced GHGs have significant effects on
agriculture, fisheries, horticulture, forestry, animal, and human health, which put
enormous burden on global economy.
8 Mitigation Strategies in GHG Emissions During MSW
Management
Existing practices of waste management can deliver effective mitigation of GHG
emissions from waste sector. A wide range of established, sustainable, and environmentally sound technologies are available to curb GHGs emissions in conjugation
with facilitation of cobenefits such as environmental protection, public health, and
sustainable development. Cumulatively, these available technologies have the potentiality to directly shrink GHG emissions (through improved landfill practices, gas
recovery from landfills, and tautly engineered wastewater management system) or
evade significant generation of GHGs (through state-of-the-art incineration, meticulous composting of organic waste, and expanded waste collection area coverage).
Furthermore, minimization of waste, reutilization, and recycling represent significant steps with huge potential toward indirect minimization of GHG emissions. This
is further attributed to the conservation of raw materials, avoidance of fossil fuel
and improved energy as well as resource efficiency. In many developed countries,
especially Japan and the EU, waste management policies are closely related to and
integrated with climate policies such as IPCC, EPA, and World Bank (Table 7).
8.1 5-R Principle
The principles of the internationally recognized 5-R hierarchy emphasize upon the
resource value and future management of MSW [1, 88]. It plays a vital role in
the reduction of GHG gases and lessens the burden on waste management system
(Table 7). The hierarchy was set to manage the MSW at different levels:
• Reduction of wastes at source