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M. Gautam and M. Agrawal
2 Literature Search
Worldwide datasets on MSW generation, waste composition, and greenhouse gas
productions during waste management system were collected from peer-reviewed
literatures available at the Web of Science (accessed till the end of July 26, 2020),
official sites of World Bank, IPCC, EPA, IEA [46, 47], NASA, NOAA and national
monitoring web networks of USA, China, and India. Published papers from 2001
to 2020 were considered for the global MSW generations’ and GHG emissions’
scenario. Data from table, text, and figures were extracted for the accomplishment of
this review study. Specific keywords such as MSW, life cycle assessment, landfills,
GHGs, CH 4 , CO 2 , N 2 O, effects of GHGs, and mitigation strategies were used to
access the search engines and other web networks.
3 Methodologies for the Estimation of GHG Emission
The inventory by the IPCC enlists various calculation methods for the emissions
of GHGs from waste disposal [39, 40]. The IPCC describes four main types of
GHGs accounting such as national accounting, corporate-level accounting, life cycle
assessment, and carbon trading methodologies [25]. Many academics have followed
the IPCC guidelines in calculating GHG emissions from MSW management [39,
40]. Carbon factor used in calculation varies with the type of vehicles and treatment
procedures, and the factors used in GHG computation are derived from the Waste
and Resources Assessment Tool (WRATE) version 2 and the Department of Energy
and Climate Change data [30]. To study the GHG emissions from landfill sites,
LandGEM modeling is widely used [9].
Existing literature on quantification of GHGs during MSW management in both
developed and developing nations were surveyed with a particular focus on the
life cycle assessment [9, 16, 61]. Figure 6 shows generalized framework in estimating GHG emanations from MSW management for both developing and developed nations. However, huge differences in quantitative estimation of GHG emissions between developed and developing nations are because of lack of resources,
information, mandatory obligations, and expertise [92]. Overall assessment of GHG
releases through the entire management system of MSW, i.e., collection, transportation, storage, intermediate facilities (material recovery, composting, incineration
and/or thermal treatment), and landfill sites are analyzed using GHG calculator. The
GHG calculator is an Excel-based tool to estimate GHG emissions [30]. It measures
CH 4 , CO 2 , and N 2 O emissions, expressing them as CO 2 e emissions or savings,
depending upon how the waste is managed [30]. There are different carbon modules
in the GHG calculator; each contains information about the CO 2 e performance of
each waste management system.
M. Gautam and M. Agrawal
2 Literature Search
Worldwide datasets on MSW generation, waste composition, and greenhouse gas
productions during waste management system were collected from peer-reviewed
literatures available at the Web of Science (accessed till the end of July 26, 2020),
official sites of World Bank, IPCC, EPA, IEA [46, 47], NASA, NOAA and national
monitoring web networks of USA, China, and India. Published papers from 2001
to 2020 were considered for the global MSW generations’ and GHG emissions’
scenario. Data from table, text, and figures were extracted for the accomplishment of
this review study. Specific keywords such as MSW, life cycle assessment, landfills,
GHGs, CH 4 , CO 2 , N 2 O, effects of GHGs, and mitigation strategies were used to
access the search engines and other web networks.
3 Methodologies for the Estimation of GHG Emission
The inventory by the IPCC enlists various calculation methods for the emissions
of GHGs from waste disposal [39, 40]. The IPCC describes four main types of
GHGs accounting such as national accounting, corporate-level accounting, life cycle
assessment, and carbon trading methodologies [25]. Many academics have followed
the IPCC guidelines in calculating GHG emissions from MSW management [39,
40]. Carbon factor used in calculation varies with the type of vehicles and treatment
procedures, and the factors used in GHG computation are derived from the Waste
and Resources Assessment Tool (WRATE) version 2 and the Department of Energy
and Climate Change data [30]. To study the GHG emissions from landfill sites,
LandGEM modeling is widely used [9].
Existing literature on quantification of GHGs during MSW management in both
developed and developing nations were surveyed with a particular focus on the
life cycle assessment [9, 16, 61]. Figure 6 shows generalized framework in estimating GHG emanations from MSW management for both developing and developed nations. However, huge differences in quantitative estimation of GHG emissions between developed and developing nations are because of lack of resources,
information, mandatory obligations, and expertise [92]. Overall assessment of GHG
releases through the entire management system of MSW, i.e., collection, transportation, storage, intermediate facilities (material recovery, composting, incineration
and/or thermal treatment), and landfill sites are analyzed using GHG calculator. The
GHG calculator is an Excel-based tool to estimate GHG emissions [30]. It measures
CH 4 , CO 2 , and N 2 O emissions, expressing them as CO 2 e emissions or savings,
depending upon how the waste is managed [30]. There are different carbon modules
in the GHG calculator; each contains information about the CO 2 e performance of
each waste management system.