An Overview on Costs of Shifting to Sustainable ...
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In many developing countries, transport services and infrastructure facilities are
treated as public services or social policy instruments. However, in these environments, the prices transmitted to customers rarely reflect the cost of providing these
services and facilities, as they are granted benefits such as subsidies and the absence
of commercial account control and strict management [89]. Currently, global capital
investment in public and private transport is between US$1.4 trillion and US$2.1
trillion annually [50], but promoting a more sustainable low carbon pathway for
transport will depend on how future capital is invested.
Developing countries face great mobility challenges. Rural areas are often
extremely poorly connected to transport infrastructure, such that, in contrast to
the situation in developed countries, the benefits of road construction can strongly
outweigh the total costs (including environmental ones). The main challenge,
however, is to develop a solution to the problems arising from the combination
of urbanization and motorization. Integration of transport and land-use policy will
be key to rising to this challenge [72].
As a process of change in terms of urbanization and motorization, electric vehicles have been a good option requiring infrastructure in charging stations, whose
implementation cost depends on the type of charging system. In the cities of United
States, the estimated cost per unit from Level 1 alternating current is US$300 to
US$1,500; Level 2 alternating current is US$400 to US$6,500; and the cost of direct
current fast charging is US$10,000 to US$40,000 [77].
Investing in sustainable transport infrastructure is something national and local
leaders want as a way to cut climate-warming emissions [97]. The construction of
an electrified railway requires auxiliary infrastructure that, in addition to trains, can
provide resources such as energy, telecommunications and internet access to regions
that previously did not have promoting local development as a co-benefit. If the
railway network in Brazil is electrified, it will also promote local development [13].
The costs of inhibition of land use and road infrastructure are shown in Table 5.
5.5 System Operations and Management
The System operations and management aim to improve travel efficiency through
operational changes that avoid stops and fuel waste, keeping vehicles moving at
moderate and efficient speeds and disseminating information to help train drivers
using driving techniques more efficient [33].
An example of an operating system is the automatic vehicle location and real-time
information system, which is a telematics system that offers opportunities to make
urban transport more efficient, reducing the waiting time for pedestrians and cyclists
from the reduction of the average time of operation of a traffic light, resulting in an
increase in traffic flow and a reduction in traffic density [7].
As examples of operating system costs, we can mention the Adaptive Signal
Control Technology Systems (ASCATS) adopted in the city of Detroit, United States,
through the use of the system at intersections through faster and safer trips through
111
In many developing countries, transport services and infrastructure facilities are
treated as public services or social policy instruments. However, in these environments, the prices transmitted to customers rarely reflect the cost of providing these
services and facilities, as they are granted benefits such as subsidies and the absence
of commercial account control and strict management [89]. Currently, global capital
investment in public and private transport is between US$1.4 trillion and US$2.1
trillion annually [50], but promoting a more sustainable low carbon pathway for
transport will depend on how future capital is invested.
Developing countries face great mobility challenges. Rural areas are often
extremely poorly connected to transport infrastructure, such that, in contrast to
the situation in developed countries, the benefits of road construction can strongly
outweigh the total costs (including environmental ones). The main challenge,
however, is to develop a solution to the problems arising from the combination
of urbanization and motorization. Integration of transport and land-use policy will
be key to rising to this challenge [72].
As a process of change in terms of urbanization and motorization, electric vehicles have been a good option requiring infrastructure in charging stations, whose
implementation cost depends on the type of charging system. In the cities of United
States, the estimated cost per unit from Level 1 alternating current is US$300 to
US$1,500; Level 2 alternating current is US$400 to US$6,500; and the cost of direct
current fast charging is US$10,000 to US$40,000 [77].
Investing in sustainable transport infrastructure is something national and local
leaders want as a way to cut climate-warming emissions [97]. The construction of
an electrified railway requires auxiliary infrastructure that, in addition to trains, can
provide resources such as energy, telecommunications and internet access to regions
that previously did not have promoting local development as a co-benefit. If the
railway network in Brazil is electrified, it will also promote local development [13].
The costs of inhibition of land use and road infrastructure are shown in Table 5.
5.5 System Operations and Management
The System operations and management aim to improve travel efficiency through
operational changes that avoid stops and fuel waste, keeping vehicles moving at
moderate and efficient speeds and disseminating information to help train drivers
using driving techniques more efficient [33].
An example of an operating system is the automatic vehicle location and real-time
information system, which is a telematics system that offers opportunities to make
urban transport more efficient, reducing the waiting time for pedestrians and cyclists
from the reduction of the average time of operation of a traffic light, resulting in an
increase in traffic flow and a reduction in traffic density [7].
As examples of operating system costs, we can mention the Adaptive Signal
Control Technology Systems (ASCATS) adopted in the city of Detroit, United States,
through the use of the system at intersections through faster and safer trips through